Hh T Rvw 5, 1995, 127-142 Dm f m g f Sh Id * Jgdh C. Bh d Jh Cd b Pf f Hh Mgm, Id I f Mgm, Bgh Rd, Bg 560076, Id b Pf f Md Dmgphy, C f Pp Sd, Ld Sh f Hyg d Tp Md, Ld, UK Ab A - vy w dd dg 1993 b d f Kk S, Id. Th vy dd 3595 y md wm gd d 35, wh hd hd d fv. N f wm hd dg h m f pg. M w wh d d h w mm f h v pvdd by pmd ff f h pmy hh ym. Of pd, 38 p (57% b d 29% ) dvd hp, d mjy f dv w pv hp. Sg v w md m h -hd f hp dv. Th w mkd mb bw d p fw h -ffh f h mh hd p hkp. Th d v, m d g f h mh gf pd f f m hh v. Th hp f pbm dg pgy d dvy wh bq hh-d bhv xmd. O f h dm hm f h I Cf Pp d Dvpm hd C Spmb 1994 w pdv hh. Th h b dfd whh Pp hv h by pd d g h fy; wm b g hgh pgy d hdbh fy; h m f pgy f m f m d f vv d w bg; d p f hv x f f h f f pgy d f g d (Fh 1988). M hh v hv py py h mpvm f pdv hh. Th db h kd d w qppd hh dg dvy d m my d mbdy d mpv pgy m. Th ffv f d p. Hwv, fw hp bd d (M 1984; B 1987, b) d m mmy * Th Fd Fd pvdd f pp f h dy, whh gfy kwdgd. W wd k d h hd d dg wk f D N.S.N. R h gz d pv f fd wk d h b pvdd by M N.S. Sh Km d M S. Rmwmy d pg. Th vw, wh d d d g fd d, dv pp d mmd. Thk d h Kk hh d ICDS ff f h f pp d -p h d f h dy.
128 Jgdh C. Bh d Jh Cd d (Kw. 1989; Bh 1993) hv dfd k f k f f m my. Ay f Dmgph d Hh Svy (DHS) d fm M d T h hw h hgh v f hh d wh b pdv hh m (Obmy 1993). Th m vd fm Id h wm gd f ky xp p d my h h gd (Sv d Vkh 1982; Rmhd 1989). Th DHS pgm h md vb y pv d h p f d f g mb f dvpg ; f Id, h 1992-93 N Fmy Hh Svy pfmd h m f (IIPS 1994). Th y h pp g fh h pb wh DHS-yp d, by xmg h x whh m hh bhv fd by h xp f pbm h d pd. I pf bjv db h hh vd by mp f h Id wm h f pgy; dfy h -m dm f p f hh ; d dfy k bw f v dff g f h pdv p d k f f dv m. Bkgd Th dy w dd h Sh Id f Kk whh dg h 1991 C h pp f 44.8 m, 5.3 p f h Id pp. Th m, fm d mbd y 67, 44 d 56 g h -Id vg f 63,39 d 52 p pvy. I h y 1990, v 80 p f pg wm vd hk d 38 p f h dv w. A v w-ffh (44%) f md p pd g pgy hgh p, my fm z. Th, hh d fmy pg pgm, Kk pgv mpd my h Id. Hh, dg h C f Id, m d h hv fdm dp h w hh v d. Hwv, m fw h dd p hdd dw hm by h gvm f Id, b wh gh v. Kk S h 20 d d, h, d hh d fmy wf ff (DHFWO) pb f vg h hh d fmy wf v h d. Th ff d by p ff pfy pb f v pgm h fmy wf; m d hd hh dg mmz; d mmb d. Th d hp d h f d g wh pb f pvdg v d pmv v dg f v. A h bd v, d hh d fmy wf ff (ADHFWO) pb f pv f md ff f pmy hh, pmy hh d h fd ff. A hp h bd v d h f ADHFWO. Eh qppd d wh b mg d hd hv ff fm b. Th pmy hh, ffd by w md ff, pvd h b hh v, b hy qppd f mgy dv d fw f hm hv fm d. Adg h gd pvdd by h Gvm f Id, by h y 2000 h w b pmy hh f vy 30,000 pp h p d 20,000 pp hy d b. Th pmy hh q Kk: h pvd v pp f 15,000 20,000 d ffd by d d xy -mdwf (ANM). Th gvm p pgd h pmy hh v ph by pvdg mm dd p. Ud h pmy hh h x gh b, f vy 5,000 pp h p d f 3,000 pp hy d b. A ANM d Hh T Rvw
Dm f m g f Sh Id 129 m wk k f h hh d fmy wf v h b. Th ANM py pv h pv f hh v, d p m d hd hh v h pp. Sh xpd pg wm h d pvd f v, pv dmy dv d pvd p h mh d h wb. S h f h pmy hh, bd d d-v hp dq, h py f h gvm g m dv. Hwv, ANM d h f pfy d dfy hgh-k pg wm dg d f hm f dv. I dd, h ANM ppd kp k f f dff b d g mv hm h f hp. I dd h hh f pvdd by h gvm, h g pv md. A g mb f pv md p f bh d d md ym f md pg d b, my f whm p gzd md qf. Th d p wh hb, d d wh fmy hd hg d wh ph md. Hwv, hy gy g md md d dff f h pp dgh bw qfd d qfd p. Th pv p pvd fmy pg d b v h (Bh 1973; Bh. 1974). Thy vy pp mg h pp d h mb vy dy (Ch. 1973; Bh. 1975). Bd h p, h w my pv hp d my hm, v m w. Pp fd v h v b f h y by. Fhm, hgh pp gvm hh v f, p f hv xp d d mh dvg g v pvdd by h gvm. Ah mj f h mg f fhg pv h h pvd qy f v gvm f, py h pvdd by h pmy hh ym, bw h xp f p. M d mhd Th p dy p f mj h ff, fdd by h Fd Fd, vg h wy whh mh d f hd vv. Th m dy h v mp: hpg d; vg f pmy h h f Id; - vy; d ppv dy. Th m f h hpg d w dvp hyph d m f bq qv wk. Dg h -dph vg w fd h h mh hh y d wh h f h hd. I w ddd hf dd fm h - d ppv d dff p f mh hh. Th pp bd d fm - vy dd dg 1993 bd f Kk d b 70 km fm h p Bg. Adg h 1991 C, h bd h pp f b 117,000; h w wh 47,000 hb. Th dy pp mpd mh gd h 35 y wh hd hd d fv y f g. A gb wm vg h w d h 48 vg hvg pp f 500 p w dd h mp. A mp w ppd d mp w md vw f hm. T mxmz h p, h -bk w md, dg v y h mg d gh pd wh wkd wy fm hm. Th hvd mp z w 3595 (2398 d 1197 fm h w), pg hgh v d p f v 95 p. Ivwg w by xpd fm vw wh hd dg d bj d w fm wh h. Th fm pd w Hh T Rvw
130 Jgdh C. Bh d Jh Cd kd q b h pbm, d m dg h m v bh. A md, pd hd vvg hd d fv y f g, h h pd gd bw b w mh d 60 mh, wh md v f 21 mh. Expy y hwd h h gh f h pd w d h mb f pbm pd by wm. Adgy, h w d y wm wh dvy. Th ff f -m, dmgph d hh-d vb hh-kg bhv dg pgy, dvy d h p pd w yd by g g hq. Th dpd vb pd by p f hkp, mg f f hkp, f (pv gvm), whh dvd hgh, d p f p hkp. Rg w pfmd h f h dpd vb. Th y w dgd y fm hy f hh-kg bhv. Nvh, h dpd f w d f h g y f xp h. Tw f, -g d d, p h dy f h pd. F h f bv, gh f xp fm hg xpd b dv f b v. Ay f f h h f, -g, my b m b. Th -Hd h mp my Mm d m pb d pv p Kk Hd; f h dff p b f v, Mm wm my mk f b hh v h Hd. Wh gd Hd hmv, h pb hp f v ky b pv. Hgh- Hd, b f h hgh d v, b m d pp mmy dvpm v, mmd db f d h hv g md d hh- f. Cvy w- Hd my b bj b f m W yp: f h hy w b d wh g dff by p. Th hp f f v h. Wh y ff f dy v d, h f pvd m d m f. Ub- d dd d f ggph pxmy v. Th w h dy h f h bd hp d h f m pv p h h h vg. Em 1 p dff dm f, my by py. I xpd b pwf pd f h h bw pv d pb pv. Fy, h my 2 f wm, my f-pd fdm f mvm d d-mkg pw, p fh ppv. Wm wh hgh my xpd f fw dm d fm b v h m wm. Oh vb dd h mv y f d mv v. Th w xp wm wh xp pbm mp mk g f v, d my wm wh p hy f b, bh y hd. Lf- f h g pgy d pgy d my b gvy 1 Em : h vb w dmd h b f h mpd f v f m db h d, v, f, fg, f, whg mh, by, wwh d f-wh m vh, d g mpm h d hh. Af h my v f h p h hhd w d, h hhd w gzd h gp f ppxmy q z. 2 Amy: h pd w kd v q b fm b h h hhd. Th q pd m d f d mkg; mby; mm wh h hbd v m; d h v vvm mp hhd ff. Th p d w my d d wm w gzd h gp. Hh T Rvw
Dm f m g f Sh Id 131 d f v. Th xp h yg pmgvd w b m dg kg d kd dvy b h fmy wh pd my gd g f xy, d h f d. A f m f mv pd by h p hyg 3. Wm wh m d b h hyg ky hv g ppy b v h h wm. A mp f f h dy h d f f-pd b pbm h by f xpy f. A dd y f b mbdy h dy pp my b fd wh (Bh d Cd,.d.). Hwv, bf f h d d f pbm pd by wm dd p x h v. T m b mbdy, mphv f d d h ympm w ppd. Pg d p-g w h dk h h ympm w dbd vydy mgy h wm d dd. I h m vy, h hk f ympm w dmd pd q, g wh h d dg wh h p pd. A f 18 p f pd pd mbd ympm dg pgy d 10 p pd ympm f py, h pmp, d f (Tb 1). Dg h dvy f, y 8 p f wm pd d h w py f-hg, h m mm f whh w pgd b d hmhg. P dd w pd m mmy; gh 23 p dd m pbm. Sympm f pb f w pd by y 17 p wh 11 p d m d mmdy dg ympm h hmhg d f. Tb 1 M g f b pbm, pd by wm A Pg Py f hg d (.g. wg f hd d f, hyp, fv f 3+ dy) 10.2 Sv vmg 9.6 Ad d (v v, y pbm) 2.6 N Py f hg d (.g. b >18 h, xv bdg, f ) 7.6 P Py f hg d (.g. xv bdg, f ) 10.8 Sympm f f (.g. hgh fv, dhg, w bdm 16.6 pv p) Ad d (.g. dp, pf ) 4.8 Th db vp h pg f h ympm g. Fhm, m g w pd by m mb f wm. F h, h ff f 3 P hyg: h pd w kd b h p hyg p h bhg, whg d mbg h h, whg d hgg f h, ppg f, whg f hd f df d bf m, m d f bhg d whg. Th p w my d d h pd dvdd h gp. Hh T Rvw
132 Jgdh C. Bh d Jh Cd mbdy v d by mpg wm wh hd y pbm dd wh h wh pd pbm. A vb w g gpd, d f h vb, gy w d h f gy. Rg y m h ff f h f h mg g f h vb. R pd m f dd, whh xp h mgd f h ff f h gy h m, v h f gy. Fdg P f hh Th p f hh dg pgy, dvy d p pd by b- d f wm hw Tb 2. N f pg wm, bh b d, pd wh hh- pvd dg h pd. Th v f vg ghy hgh h h bd h 1992-93 N Fmy Hh Svy. I m h hf h, h f w md dg h f m, wh h -hd f wm gh dg h d m f pgy. Th pp f wm g hh pf dg h hd m vy m, gh p. Th gf b- dff h mg f ( χ2 = 22.28, p <.001); m b h wm d dg h f m. F y hf h pg wm, h m pp f f w hkp; dd 32 p whd fm h pgy. Appxmy xh f pd w vd by hh wk h hm. Th mg x p vd hh pvd h f b hy hd pbm dg h pgy. Th pp f wm g p f pgy fm gfy hgh b h, hwv, g pp f wm vd dmy v fm hh wk. Th b- dff y gf ( χ2 = 92.43, p <.001). I h 26 p f h wm wh vd y d xy -mdwf d 72 p, d. I b, hwv, m w wh d. Th pp f wm g pv d gfy hgh b. N mp w md h fm qf f d d wd b m h fy d ph p. Amg h mjy wh vd y, h m mb f w 3.7. A hw Tb 3, 96 p f wm hd m h d v -hd md fv m. Ay by pp f v d h wm wh y g f hk pgy fm py ky hv bq. Hh T Rvw
Tb 2 Hh dg pgy, dvy d p pd by b- d f wm. Ub R T N % N % N % x 2 A hh pf dg pgy 1066 89.1 2164 90.2 3230 89.8 1.23 Tmg f f v F m 664 62.3 1159 53.6 1823 56.4 22.28*** Sd m 324 30.4 819 37.8 1143 35.4 Thd m 78 7.3 186 8.6 264 8.2 Pp f f wh hh pf R hkp 440 41.3 1052 48.6 1492 46.2 92.43*** T fm pgy 455 42.7 577 26.7 1032 32.0 Hd pbm 63 5.9 144 6.7 207 6.4 Oh (dg dmy v by hh pf) 108 10.1 391 18.1 499 15.4 Typ f hh pf d ANM 17 1.6 562 26.0 579 17.9 362.31*** Gv. D 474 44.5 910 42.1 1384 42.8 Pv D 558 52.3 647 29.9 1205 37.3 Oh, dg d 17 1.6 45 2.1 62 1.9 Rvd xd dg pgy 1058 88.4 2184 91.1 3242 90.2 6.51* Rvd f d 1034 86.4 2140 89.2 3174 88.3 6.31* P f dvy Hm 510 42.6 1705 71.1 2215 61.6 289.12*** Pmy Hh C 0 0.0 5 0.2 5 0.2 Gv. Hp 294 24.6 348 14.5 642 17.9 Pv Hp 393 32.8 340 14.2 733 20.4 P d (hm dvy) D 7 1.4 10.6 17.8 26.39*** ANM/LHV 62 12.2 298 17.5 360 16.3 Td d 15 2.9 126 7.4 141 6.4 Edy dy/ud d d h 426 83.5 1270 74.5 1696 76.6 Rp f p hkp 306 25.6 356 14.8 662 18.4 61.05*** T mb f pd 1197 2398 3595 * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
134 Jgdh C. Bh d Jh Cd Tb 3 Nmb f pf dg pgy, by pp f f. Nmb f R hk-p T fm pgy Pp f f Hd pbm Oh (dg dmy v) % % % % % O 4.8 1.3 8.2 6.6 4.2 Tw 14.4 3.5 10.3 22.7 11.9 Th 35.8 21.7 18.5 47.5 32.0 F 15.1 13.7 15.5 11.7 14.2 Fv + 29.8 59.7 47.4 11.4 37.7 N 1435 1004 194 480 3113 Th hp bw p d f d f pbm dg pgy mpx. Cy, b xpd h wm wh pbm w b m ky k md dv b ky h m pbm ympm w b dd y dg. I h dy, mg wm wh pbm, 83 p d d, d fh 13 p w by pmd vg d f y 4 p wh vd. Amg h g gp f wm wh pd pbm dg pgy, h pdg pg 70, 19, d 12. N f pg wm pd h hy hd vd xd d f d pphyx. Th pp f h wm ghy hgh, b vh y gf ( χ2 = 6.51 & 6.31; p <.005). Of pd, 38 p (57% b; 29% ) dvd hp. Th fg d h - m fm h 1992-93 vy. Ub wm w mh m ky pf pv pb f f hdbh h w wm. F hm dv, fm w gh b h p g h dvy. B pd ky b b dgh bw d d d d, h m f h d w d wh v. Nm w h -hkd g f wm wh hd vd g bh h. Th p d h, bh b d, 77 p f hm dv w dd by d d d dy d; d w vb y fw, m by by ANM Ldy Hh V, wh gh pvd 16 p f hm dv. Oy x p f wm pd fm d d. Tb 4 p pmy y f h k bw yp f p f, xp f pbm dg pgy d p f dvy. A xpd, h db dg f y h f b. Lg mj f wm wh hd w by pmd (ypy ANM) dvd hm, 88 d 85 p, pvy. Th pp f 67 p mg h wh d gvm d d fh 35 p f h wh w pv p. Th dg f y h h bw pb d pv. Ny hf f h g pv p h f v dvd pv, mpd y gh p mg wm wh d gvm d. A Hh T Rvw
Dm f m g f Sh Id 135 Tb 4 P f dvy, by yp f f d p f pbm Typ f / pbm P f dvy (%) Hm PHC/Gv. hp Pv hp N N Pbm 80.0 16.0 4.0 25 N pbm 88.9 7.9 3.2 343 A 88.3 8.4 3.3 368 Cd pmd Pbm 72.0 13.4 14.6 82 N pbm 86.9 8.5 4.5 550 A 84.9 9.2 5.9 632 Cd gv. d Pbm 56.8 32.3 10.9 229 N pbm 69.1 23.7 7.2 1153 A 67.0 25.1 7.8 1382 Cd pv d Pbm 26.0 15.0 59.0 307 N pbm 38.0 18.1 43.9 897 A 35.0 17.3 47.7 1204 Rgd f h f md pv d dv dg pgy, h wh xpd pbm w m ky k dvy h h wh pd pbm. Dff bw h w gp g, hwv, b xpd fh h mv y. Wh vg mpvy hgh, p f p hk mh mm. Appxmy q f b d -vh f wm pd hkp dg h x wk p pd. Th dff y gf ( χ2 = 61.0, p < 0.001). Th hp bw -m h, bmd dmgph k f d hh- kg bhv w d hgh mv hq. Th mmzd Tb 5. Pd f I w b d h wm vd h by vg pvd hm fm h ff: h pp f h vd bw hkp, fm f pgy d m f pbm. A v pvd f hkp fm f pgy wh y pvd pbm d dg f ff d mv h wm p k f h w hh w h f h wb. Fhm Tb 3 hw h h mjy f h wm hv w dg pgy. Wh h h f wm wh dm h hh? T w h q, h ppp g g w pfmd y f pd wh pd pbm. Hh T Rvw
1 Tb 5 Lg g f hh dg pgy, dvy d p pd by d h f wm Odd N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ch ( T m p ) R h k p b C h k d g f m b P v f I d v y D v y p v d C d P h k p Rd Ub 1197 0.92 1.05 2.18 *** 2.57 *** 1.42 ** 1.30 1.35 * R 2398 C N-Hd 333 Hgh 182 0.53 * 0.97 0.79 0.59 * 0.52 * 1.11 1.10 Mdd 2128 0.83 1.01 1.04 0.86 0.92 1.74 1.21 Lw 951 0.53 *** 0.89 0.59 *** 0.51 ** 0.64 1.25 1.09 Ed N 1888 1-5 504 1.59 *** 1.12 1.45 ** 1.99 *** 1.17 1.46 1.10 6 + 1203 1.71 *** 1.44 *** 2.54 *** 3.17 *** 1.49 * 2.23 * 1.58 * Em Lw 1194 Mdd 1188 1.07 1.11 1.59 *** 1.23 * 1.87 *** 1.59 1.24 Hgh 1208 1.16 1.17 2.62 *** 1.55 *** 3.07 *** 1.43 1.20 Ag pgy < 18 211 0.44 *** 0.81 0.74 0.94 0.73 0.75 0.83 18-24 2096 25 + 1263 1.08 1.04 1.14 1.27 * 1.18 0.96 1.46 **
Pgy d 1 674 1.83 *** 1.39 ** 1.26 * 2.47 *** 1.24 1.84 * 1.19 2-4 2518 5 + 403 0.55 *** 0.63 *** 0.77 0.41 *** 0.79 0.20 * 1.16 Amy Lw 1626 Mdm 1224 1.18 1.00 1.23* 1.04 1.61** 0.85 1.04 Hgh 745 1.40 0.96 1.12 1.20 1.49** 1.07 1.32 P hyg Lw 1317 Mdm 1101 1.28 * 1.47 *** 1.89 *** 1.34 ** 1.44 * 0.85 0.94 Hgh 1177 2.15 *** 2.14 *** 2.28 *** 1.98 *** 1.85 *** 1.18 0.90 2
3 Odd N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ch ( T m p ) R h k p b C h k d g f m b P v f I d v y D v y p v d C d P h k p Hy f b/ bh/- dh Y 823 1.28 * 1.27 * 1.27 * 1.61 *** 1.40 * 3.12 *** 1.09 N 2772 P f dvy Hm 2214 0.50 *** Pv 733 2.57 *** 1.88 Gvm 647 A pbm Y 366 1.64 *** 1.91 *** 1.52 * 1.49 1.23 N 3229 N pbm Y 274 6.16 *** 2.40 *** N 3321 Sg v dvy Y 467 N 3128 1.25 Rf gy b d y wm wh pbm d y wm wh y v d d y wm hvg dvy
* p< 0.05 ** p< 0.01 *** p< 0.001 4
138 Jgdh C. Bh d Jh Cd Th hw h f m f Tb 5. Amg h d m f, d d h dx f p hyg mg g pv pd. Th ff f m d my h xpd d b mh wk d d gf. Th -Hd, my Mm, mh m ky k h Hd. Th xp my h pby h hgh- Hd gy f hmv h hm wh w- wm, my f whm wk g b, hv ff m f hkp. O h y h pp f h Mm wm h b f, py g b, gy w d mh f hm fd m k md. A h k f f dv b m gfy d h pbby f kg. A f 823 wm pd p f dh; h fg w dvd fm h mp pgy h h fmd p f h q. Th wm m ky v hk (OR = 1.28) h wm wh p. Pgy d vy gy d hhkg bhv. A hyphzd, pmgvd mh m ky p hk (OR = 1.83) h wm hvg h d, hd fh pgy. Hwv mgvd mh ky k ; b xp y dg f wh gd pvv hk. Oy 211 wm h mp w gd h 18 y h m f h pgy. N f h ff f pgy d d h f h md, h hgh-k yg mh gfy ky h d mh v dg pgy. Af 18 y, hwv, g d hh bhv. Th mg f hk mp. Sm pgy-d pbm, f dgd d d y, my dg h mh d f. Th pd f f m hk, mg wm vg y pvv hh dg pgy, hw h d m f Tb 5. Ed g mg f, hgh y h hgh d gp, mpg wm wh x m y f hg, wh bhv dff fm dd wm. Sf-pd hyg g pwf pd. I pp h h vb p -pyhg dm f db f hh-d bhv, dpdy f d, m d. Pgy d d hy f dv b m gfy d h mg f hk. Pb f, hkp d m d b, pmy hh d h, d bd d d hp d my hm h b. A md, g mb f pv md p, bh qfd d qfd, p bh d b, d v m g my hm d hp d h dy. Th pv Id g d Kk p bmg gy g d gvm v f m dd. Wh pv h h gvm f? Th f g g, hw m 3, d h b d, h wh hgh v f d d m, hyg pd, wm hvg h f pgy, d h wh pv hy f bh b m ky k fm pv h wm wh h h. Fhm, wm xpg pbm dg pgy ky k pv md. Cy pv- f by py: h h g ff f m whh w pd f p f y yp f f Hh T Rvw
Dm f m g f Sh Id 139 mg. A h m m, h f h p hyg, d d k f f dv m gfy d h f pv v pb gg h wm bv h hy w b hgh qy f v fm pv h fm gvm p. Pd f p f dvy d f m Th 1992-93 N Fmy Hh Svy hw h 26 p f bh Id h y 1990 d ; h dvy bw vy wd, gg fm 6 p Ngd 88 p K. Th vg Kk, 38 p, w bv h vg d p h xh p f 25. Cm 4 f Tb 5 hw h pd f dvy mg h dy pp. Am f d f y hv y gf hp. Ub d, hgh d d m d hgh hyg x g f. I wh h f, Mm m ky h Hd dv hp. Th k bw g d p f dvy wk, b pgy d mg g f, wh djd dd f 2.47 f pmgvd v wm hvg d fh pgy. Appxmy p f h mp pd pbm dg pgy, h m mm f whh w v vmg, wg f hd d f, hyp d fv. Th wm mh m ky k dvy h pbm-f wm. Th mp fdg b mp h wm mk ppp p ympm f pb dd fd by p. Smy, hy f p b pbm gfy d h pbby f hvg dvy. A d, h mb f pv g hm b Id g pdy. Dm f h yp f d by wm f hdbh d m 5, wh h y h b d wm hvg dvy. Th f h f h pv-v-pb- d m h h f h -v-hm d. Th, f h by, d, pgy d d h k f f dv pgy m m dv f h d h h h f pv v pb. Th xp my d, pgy, m. Sg v dvy v h wd h. I h dy, g v w md m h -hd f hp dv; pmy w pfmd 23.5 p f, d 8 p f h wm w dvd hgh. Th f g g y d h hgh v f d, pgy d, hy f b bh, dvy pv hp d pbm dg dvy g pd f : h wm wh h h w x m m ky dv hgh h h wm. Th ff f m h xpd d b vy md d y gf. I my b fd h by py mj f h d dv by. Th dx f p hyg d h yp f dvy. Pd f p hkp Wh f wm hd wh hh pvd dg pgy, h -ffh hd hkp wh x wk f dvy. Th h pvy d gfy d wh p hkp hw m 7: b d, x m y f d, 25 d m y f g, dvy pv Hh T Rvw
140 Jgdh C. Bh d Jh Cd hp d pbm dg dvy. I h pg h h h p hyg pgy d, g pd f d, d h pbby f kg p hk. D Th wdpd bf h dg pgy, dvy d h p pd mpv h hh f h mh d h f. Ahgh h ffv f pvv d p y bhd, h d wh y d d m my d pdv mbdy. I dvpg wh h pv f v b d vy hgh, m hh v pvd q ppy d d h d. Ahgh b mg b pdd hgh g, wm b dd gz ympm dg py d d k mmd. Fhm, hgh wh pg d y dvd wm, hh wk d pf d h hh-d h fmy pg, mmz, hd hh, d. I hf mp mpv m hh v hgh m ffv d ff dvy ym. A dq kwdg f hh- kg bhv f wm dg h pdv p d h dm f h mgm f h ym. Th dy d h f wm hd dg h m f pg: mpv vg. M d f h p hwv hv md h v bd fm hh dmy v by pmd ff (.g., Kk d Sh 1989). I h dy, 97 p f b wm d 72 p f d d d. U f h v pvdd by pmd ff f h pmy hh ym w mm. Th h d f d pp f h f pmd ff hh d b h pv f m hh. Fhm, g mb f w wh pv md p. R pg f m hh v m k h x f h p d dv ppp g pgd h k, g h v d pb wy h h qy f h b b pdv hh. Dp h f h m wm md p dg pgy, h dy fd h mjy f h dv k p hm d dd by d d d dy d. Pbby m f hm k kwdg f p hq f dvy d my fw p m d p whh my dg h hh f h mh d h hd. Id w h f dvpg gz h dg d g d bh d. S 1978, h Ud N Fd f Pp Av d h g hv pvdd fd f d bh d g hm Id. Thd f d bh d w d d w ppd hv h vg; hf w wh xpg why hy d by h mmy. Smy, ANM pv h fw dv h pp. Of h dv h k p hp, h mjy w pv. Pv g my hm d hp bmg gy pp v mg h pp b f h p p f h gvm hp. Pp wgy b xp h h h vg hmv f hp v fm gvm f. Th d bv mpv h qy f gvm hp. Th dy vd mkd mb bw d p. L h fv f pd vd p hk, dp h f h f-pd Hh T Rvw
Dm f m g f Sh Id 141 mbdy h x wk fwg hdbh w h hgh. Th h pp b mp gp Kk m hh v, h w fh vg. Th y f dm pd f f m hh v y fmd m xpd p b ydd m pg. I pg, f, h wm d h pvv f h pv v hvy dd by m. I h dy Sh Id dff w bvd bw dd d dd mh kg md m f hd (Cdw, Rddy d Cdw 1983). Smy h g b- dff h pv f dv w pd f f g hgh g h wm w j ky b wm k. Th g g dff h bd f Kk w xpd. Th mm vw h Mm wm ky h Hd mk f md v, b h dy, h v w. A fh g fdg h y g ff, f bv fdg f, f f-pd hyg. Fw d hv mpd m h dvd b d h mpy h h x db hgy mg wm h pd by m v -m d d hf g bvd m y. Wm my h h hd, fd mg g pd f f dvy v. Hwv, w gfy d h h f pv h h pb. Th hp pbby h mby b my f h f h wm wh hv g d mkg pw m b h h wm x pf f m xpv pv. A f dv b f h dy xm f h hp bw b pbm d bq hh-d bhv. Th gg, h wm wh xpd pbm dg pgy w m ky k md pv dvy. Smy, h wh xpd dff dg dvy, m mmy pgd b xv bdg, w m ky g f p hk. Sg v w md 13 p f dv. If h pp d y f hp dv, 34 p f wm w dvd wh h d f gy, gh p by. C g v h wd: v gg bw 27 d 32 p hv b pd m Cbb d L Am (Jwz. 1985; Wb. 1992). Th d h h pbby f v m hgh pv hp h gvm hp: m fdg hv b pd wh (Tff 1989). Sg v dvy g hp y, hgh xp d d mbdy d my. I dd, hy p gwg bd md dvpg. Th gy hgh v f pv hp dv f mmz f md : h g d f fh d h. Rf Bh,J.C.1973. Ab d b k. Id J f S Wk 34,3:275-285. Bh, J.C.1993. Lv d f m my h Id. Sd Fmy Pg 24,5:310-318. Bh, J.C. d J. Cd.. d. Ob mbdy Sh Id. S S d Md (fhmg) Hh T Rvw
142 Jgdh C. Bh d Jh Cd Bh, J.C., Dhmv, C.S. Ch d A. Tmmppy. 1975. Td h d md md. S S d Md 9,15-21. Bh, J.C., Dhmv, A. Tmmppy d C.S. Ch. 1974. Th f p f dg md fmy pg pgmm - dy h. J f Fmy Wf 20,3:18-27. B, E.G.M.1987. M my h Af,1980-1982.P I. Pgy b h. Sh Af Md J 71:158-160. B, E.G.M. 1987b. M my h Af,1980-1982. P II. C f m dh. Sh Af Md J 71:160-161. Cdw, J.C., P.H. Rddy d P. Cdw. 1983. Th mp f my d: vg Sh Id mpyg v mhdg. Pp Sd 37,2:185-205. Ch, C.S., J.C. Bh, Dhmv d A. Tmmppy. 1973. A vy f dg md p fv dff Id. Id J f Md Rh 61,6:962-967. Fh, M.F.1988. Pm f h hm pd: gb d d ppv. Hm Rpd 3: 7-10. I I f Pp S (IIPS). 1994. N Fmy Hh Svy. Bmby. Jwz, B.. 1985. C dvy h g f Bz. S S d Md 16:19. Kk, T. d R.K. Sh. 1989. A v fv f Id. I Pp T Id,Vm 2, d. S.N.Sgh. Dh: B.R.Pbhg. Kw, B.E., M. Bk, S. Yph, A. G, L. Mh, d O. F. 1989. Cfd q m dh Add Abb, Ehp 1981-83. J f Ob d Gygy f E d C Af 8: 75-82. M, E.B.1984. M dh Kg Edwd VIII Hp, Db: vw f 258 v. Sh Af Md J 65:165-167. Obmy, C.M.1993. C, m hh, d wm : mp f M d T. Sd Fmy Pg 24,6:354-365. Rmhd, L.1989. Th ff f d v pgy m, d hh f h mh d h hd. J f Fmy Wf 35,5:34-46. Sv, D.K d S. Vkh. 1982. M pvy- vv pph f h v f MCH v. Hh d Pp Ppv d I 5:2. Tff, S.M.1989. C Am: dm d,1970 1987. S B, Mp I Cmp 70:2. Wk, G.J.A., D.E.C. Ahy, A. MCw d G.W. Bd. 1986. M my Jm. L :486-488. Wb, L.A., J.R. Dg, C. MF, D. Ahy d C. W. W 1992. Pv d dm f Jm. J f B S. 24: 515-525. Hh T Rvw