Weed management in the landscape. Travis Gannon, PhD

Weed management in the landscape Travis Gannon, PhD 12-9-11

www.turffiles.ncsu.edu www.turffiles.ncsu.edu Travis Gannon 919.513.4655 Travis_gannon@ncsu.edu

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What is a Weed? A plant growing where it is not wanted 66

The Nature of Weeds Opportunistic plants Adapted to niches within the environment Herbicides can eliminate the weed, but not the environmental conditions that provided an opportunity for that weed A paradigm shift weed control weed management

Weed Management Herbicides are effective means of control However... Elimination of the weed does not eliminate the environmental condition that creates a competitive advantage How heterogeneous are turfgrass environments? Current management practices assume homogeneity

Weeds vs. Turf Plant Competition: Light most plants compete for this Nutrients H 2 O CO 2

Why Do We Have Weed Problems? 1. Turfgrasses are non-native plants 2. Monocultures 3. Lack of sanitation 4. Cosmetic standards

Why Do We Have Weed Problems? Turfgrasses are not native (depending on where you are of course): Growing non-native vegetation is always difficult

Ecology 101: Why Do We Have Weed Problems? Natural Succession: Long term transition of vegetation types to a condition of stability.

Why Do We Have Weed Problems? Monocultures growth of a single species Monocultures tend to be man-made. In turf, we force mother natures hand to compete against us.

Why Do We Have Weed Problems? Lack of Sanitation and Natural Movement People (shoes) and equipment (mowers, sprayers, tillage implements) movement from site to site spread weed seeds, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, stolons, etc. Animals, wind and rain also spread weeds.

Inspect sod prior to purchase

Many problematic weeds are introduced on container grown ornamentals

Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Effect of Mowing Height on Large Crabgrass Incidence 3.5 lbs Crabgrass/1000ft 2 on March 7, 2007 Mowing Heights initiated when soil temperatures reached 55 F Mowed every 4 days thereafter

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

% Crabgrass Effect of Mowing Height on Crabgrass Incidence in Tall fescue 80 70 60 a 79 74 a 50 40 30 20 b 31 10 0 1.0" 2.0" 3.0" 4.0" Mowing Height Data Collected: 09-13-07, LSD (P=0.05), Sandhills Research Station, Sodman 90/10 (mixture w/ bluegrass) c 0

1 2 3 4

1 1 2 3 4

Introduction Imprelis Herbicide developed by DuPont for selective weed control in turf Industrial vegetation management Range and pasture Specialty crops rice, fruit, sugarcane Row crop corn, burndown Labeled mid-2010

Objective #2: Determine the effect of simulated herbicide drift into non-target areas. Aminocyclopyrachlor (AMCP) Recently registered synthetic auxin herbicide Thought to possess more favorable environmental profile Highly active compound Widely used in cool-season turf Limited e-fate and off-target research available

x Implications

Dow Agro Gannon - CS725 (pest. chem.)

Gannon - CS725 (pest. chem.)

Other new products or revised labels

Bleacher Turf Safety: Ky. Bluegrass and centipedegrass most tolerant Tall fescue moderately tolerant Ryegrass, St. Augustinegrass, & fine fescue have tolerable registration. Bentgrass, bermudagrass, zoysiagrass - low tolerance, Turf injury increases with heat & drought. Rates: 4 to 8 oz/a (0.125 to 0.25 lb ai/a, 0.14 to 0.28 kg ai/ha) twice 2 to 3 weeks apart. Golf, sod, residential and commercial

Tenacity A new chemical class Triketones Active ingredient 40% Mesotrione Formulation 4SC Signal word Caution For Use by Professional Applicators Do not enter treated areas until spray has dried

34 Dicot and 11 Monocot Species on Tenacity Label Including: Crabgrass spp. Speedwell Goosegrass Lawn burweed Nimblewill Dandelion spp. Bentgrass Canada thistle Oxalis Yellow nutsedge Buckhorn plantain Yellow foxtail Clover spp. Ground Ivy This list will expand as research and commercial use find new species.

Turfgrass Tolerance to Tenacity Tall Fescue KY Bluegrass Perennial Ryegrass Centipedegrass St Augustinegrass

Smooth and large Crabgrass (Digitaria spp.)

Nimblewill (Muhlenbergia schreberi)

BASF Drive XLR8: Better control of 4 to 8 tillered crabgrass? Use on tall fescue, zoysiagrass, bermudagrass, Ky. bluegrass, seashore paspalum, ryegrass and bentgrass fairways with good soil moisture conditions Controls crabgrass, signalgrass, foxtail, clover, dandelion, corn speedwell (no goosegrass control!) Apply before 2 nd tiller or to mature grasses (2 to 4 tillers not recommended) Rate: 0.5 gallon/a + 1.5 pt/a MSO for Drive XLR8 1.5SL 1 lb/a + 1.5 pt/a MSO for Drive 75DF

Q4 1.54L PBI-Gordon Quinclorac + Sulfentrazone + 2,4-D amine + Dicamba Cool season turf only Rate: 7 to 8 pt/a on crab, signalgrass, foxtail, broadleaves Apply to seedlings after 2 nd or 3 rd mowing or 28 days after emergence Spray 3 to 4 weeks after sodding, sprigging or plugging Can seed 4 weeks after application

Manufactured by: PBI/Gordon Active ingredients: Mode of action: Quinclorac (8.43%) Synthetic auxin/cellulose inhibitor Sulfentrazone (0.69%) PPO/Protox inhibitor 2,4-D (11.81%) Synthetic auxin Dicamba, (1.49%) Synthetic auxin Postemergent activity EPA reg. no. 2217-930

Tolerant turf species Q4 Plus Perennial ryegrass Kentucky bluegrass Annual bluegrass Rough bluegrass Fescue species Do not apply to solid fine fescue stand

Q4 Plus usage rates and sites Cool-season turf 7-8 pints/acre May discolor fine fescue Bermudagrass 5-7 pints/acre May discolor common and hybrids Where to use Residential areas Recreational areas Golf courses Streets Athletic fields Right-of-ways Sod production

Q4 Plus Turf weeds controlled Barnyardgrass Mock-strawberry Large crabgrass Henbit Smooth crabgrass Yellow woodsorrel Spurge Purslane Dollarweed Carpetweed Foxtails White clover Wild violet Ground ivy Common chickweed Buckhorn plantain Broadleaf plantain

T-Zone 2.5L Triclopyr (8.4%) + sulfentrazone (0.73%) + 2,4-D (32%) + dicamba (2.4%) PBI/Gordon Corporation, Controls many tough weeds such as Wild Violets, Yellow Nutsedge suppression Ground Ivy, Oxalis Black Medic All cool-season turfgrasses, Bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, & bahiagrass.

Sulfentrazone + Quinclorac (75WG) 25% + 50% FMC Tolerant to bermudagrass, centipedegrass, zoysiagrass, seashore paspalum, as well as tall fescue, Ky. bluegrass and perennial ryegrass Rate: 1 to 2 lb/a with no spray adjuvant needed After treatment, wait 1 month to reseed, overseed or sprig Establish sod for 3 months and wait 3 month before harvest Controls crabgrass, 1-4 lf goosegrass, foxtail, yellow nutsedge, kyllinga species and broadleaf weeds Some pre activity

Carfentrazone (3.9%) + Quinclorac (66.1%) 70WDG FMC Corp., Residential, commercial lawns, athletic fields, sod farms golf course fairways and roughs, Warm-season turf except St. Augustinegrass @ 12 to 18 oz/acre, Most cool-season turfgrasses at 8 to 12 oz/acre, Controls broadleaves, yellow nutsedge, crabgrass, foxtail + others. Can be applied 1 day prior or 7 days after seeding.

Metsulfuron (6%) + Sulfentrazone (60%) 66WDG FMC Corp., Residential, commercial lawns, athletic fields, sod farms golf course fairways and roughs, Bermuda, zoysia, centipede, St. Augustine @ 6.5 to 10 oz/acre, Kentucky bluegrass & tall fescue at 3.25 to 6.5 oz/acre, Controls many broadleaves, wild garlic, yellow nutsedge, sedge and kyllinga species, foxtail + others. Wait 1 month after applying to reseed or sprig and wait 6 to 8 weeks to overseed perennial ryegrass ; wait 3 months for sod establishment before applying

4-Speed 3L 2,4-D (38%) + MCPP (6.3%) + dicamba (2.5%) + pyraflufen (0.06%) Nufarm, Pyraflufen-ethyl = Octane Controls broadleaf weeds: Dandelion, Buckhorn plantain, Oxalis, Chickweed, White clover + others. Golf course, cemeteries, parks, sports fields, lawns, sod, others, Bahia, bluegrass, bermudagrass, fescue, ryegrass, and zoysiagrass = 3 to 4 pts/acre, Bentgrass = 1.8 pts/acre.

4-Speed XT 2.9L 2,4-D (42%) + triclopyr (4.8%) + dicamba (3.5%) + pyraflufen (0.07%) Nufarm, Pyraflufen-ethyl = Octane Controls broadleaf weeds: Wild violets, Ground Ivy, Dandelion, Oxalis, Chickweed, White clover + others. Golf course, cemeteries, parks, sports fields, lawns, sod, others, Bahia, bluegrass, bermudagrass, fescue, ryegrass, and zoysiagrass = 3 to 4 pts/acre, Bentgrass = 1.8 pts/acre, expect slight yellowing for about 1 week.

ProSedge Manage, Sedgehammer Manufactured by: Nufarm Active ingredient: Halosulfuron (75%) Mode of action Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor Postemergent activity EPA reg. no. 228-702

Tolerant turf species Cool-season grasses Creeping bentgrass Kentucky bluegrass Fine fescue Tall fescue Perennial ryegrass Warm-season grasses Bahiagrass Bermudagrass Centipedegrass Seashore paspalum St. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass Kikuyugrass

ProSedge Weed activity Control Yellow nutsedge Purple nutsedge Growth suppression Kyllinga Where to use Commercial and residential turf Golf courses Roadsides Athletic fields Sod/Seed production Public recreational areas

Usage specifications and precautions Usage rates 0.67 1.33 ounces product/acre = 0.5-1.0 ounce a.i./acre Include a non-ionic surfactant (0.25-0.5% v/v) for broadcast applications A sequential application may be necessary 6-10 weeks for control of mature sedge species Precautions Do not apply to golf course putting greens Two day mowing buffer pre- and post application Four hour rainfree period following application Two week annual and perennial ryegrass overseeding buffer

Annual bluegrass control

Introduction Amicarbazone - 70% WDG Herbicide developed by Arysta LifeScience Corp. Field corn, sugarcane Preplant, PRE, E. POST Turf registration expected 2011???

Introduction Post annual bluegrass control Golf course, seed/sod production, residential, parks, sportsfields, roadsides Warm-season tolerant turf: Bahiagrass, bermudagrass, centipedegrass, seashore paspalum, St Augustinegrass, zoysiagrass Cool-season tolerant turf Bentgrass, KY bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass

Apr 24, 2008

Weed identification and control www.turffiles.ncsu.edu

Poa annua L. Annual Bluegrass

Poa annua L. Annual Bluegrass Monocot Winter Annual and Perennial Key I.D. Features: - general structure: ssp. annua is an upright, clump-forming, winter annual; ssp. reptans is a prostrate, clump-forming, perennial - leaves: light green, folded in the bud, lack auricles, pointed membranous ligule, boat-shaped tip - seedheads: open, greenish white pyramidal panicle; produced at low heights of cut

Annual bluegrass control Many preemergent herbicides are effective In established turf Prograss certified pesticide applicator

igitaria ischaemum (L.) Scop. Smooth Crabgrass

igitaria ischaemum (L.) Scop. Smooth Crabgrass Monocot Summer Annual Key I.D. Features: - general structure: tufted, decumbent, summer annual to 60 cm, spreading - leaves: few hairs at mouth only, membranous ligule - seedheads: consist of 3-5 spikes clustered at the top of stems; hairs on spikelets - root system: fibrous roots, does not root at nodes

Crabgrass control Many preemergent herbicides are effective In established turf Acclaim Extra Drive or Drive XLR8 Fusilade Solitare SquareOne

Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Dallisgrass

Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Dallisgrass Monocot Complex Perennial Key I.D. Features: - general structure: a coarse-textured, clumpforming grass plant with thick rhizomes - leaves: rolled, tall and membranous ligule, auricles absent, margins hairy, collar hairy - seedheads: divided spike; 3 to 7 spikelets covered in silky soft hairs with heavy black seeds - root system: fibrous roots and shallow

Dallisgrass control Glyphosate spot treatments

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Goosegrass

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Goosegrass Monocot Summer Annual Key I.D. Features: - general structure: erect grass that bends at the nodes, silver crown area - leaves: folded, membranous, and divided at the center, contains hairs only at the base of the leaf - seedheads: contain 3-7 spikes, seeds are attached in a zipper appearance on the spike - root system: fibrous

Goosegrass control Many preemergent herbicides are effective In established turf Acclaim Extra Fusilade

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Common Bermudagrass

ynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Common Bermudagrass Monocot Complex Perennial Key I.D. Features: - general structure: a mat-forming, wiry grass with spreading rhizomes and stolons - leaves: gray-green to bluish green, rolled in the bud, auricles absent, ligule is a row of hairs, blades are short and narrow - seedheads: spikes at terminal end of stems - root system: abundant, flat stolons, rhizomes form a dense turf

Bermudagrass control Acclaim Extra Alone or tank-mixed with Turflon Ester Fusilade

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Common Chickweed

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Common Chickweed Dicot Winter Annual Key I.D. Features: - general structure: dense, patch-forming plant, can produce one or two generations each year - leaves: light green, sparse hairs, opposite, elliptic to oval, pointed at the apex - stems: prostrate, branching, smooth - flowers: white with 5 deeply lobed petals - fruit: oval, 1-celled capsules - root system: fibrous and shallow

Cerastium vulgatum L. Mouseear Chickweed

Cerastium vulgatum L. Mouseear Chickweed Dicot Simple Perennial Key I.D. Features: - general structure: dense, mat-forming plant with hairy stems and leaves - leaves: opposite, dark green above, elliptic, margins are entire, densely covered with hairs - stems: 2 rows of dense hairs, root at nodes - flowers: white, 5 deeply lobed petals - fruit: oval, 1-celled capsules - root system: fibrous

Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit

Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit Dicot Winter Annual Key I.D. Features: general structure: a prostrate stemmed plant branching at the base with whorled leaves leaves: rounded to heart-shaped, rounded teeth, palmately veined, upper leaves surround the stem stems: square, green to purple, prostrate flowers: showy whorls pink to purple in color root system: fibrous roots; can root at stem nodes

Trifolium repens L. White Clover

Trifolium repens L. White Clover Dicot Complex Perennial Key I.D. Features: general structure: mat-forming legume with low creeping stolons leaves: trifoliate; leaflets are oval shaped with a light green chevron (V-shaped) near the base stems: prostrate, root at the nodes flowers: white or pink rounded heads root system: stolons that root at the nodes

Allium vineale L. Wild Garlic

Allium vineale L. Wild Garlic Monocot Simple Perennial Key I.D. Features: - general structure: unbranched, circular, erect leaves emerging from underground bulbs - leaves: linear, smooth, round, and hollow; have a garlic scent when crushed - flowering stems: solid, unbranched, smooth, leafless, erect - flowers: bulblets at the ends of hollow stems that may develop tail-like green leaves - root system: fibrous roots from underground bulbs

Oxalis stricta L. Yellow woodsorrel

Oxalis stricta L. Yellow woodsorrel Dicot Complex Perennial Key I.D. Features: general structure: a low growing herb that spreads by seed and rhizomes leaves: trifoliate (three heart-shaped leaflets), have long petioles flowers: yellow, arise in clusters, 5 petals fruit: cylindrical, pointed, hairy capsules that explosively eject seeds root system: rhizomes and fibrous roots

Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers Common dandelion

Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers Dicot Common dandelion Simple Perennial Key I.D. Features: - general structure: yellow flowers borne on leafless stalks emanating from a basal rosette, milky sap - leaves: arranged in a basal rosette, margins deeply lobed, lobes point to the base - flowers: bright yellow, consist of ray flowers - seedheads: globe-like, grayish white, parachutes - root system: thick, fleshy taproot that may be branched

Hypochoeris radicata L. Cat s ear dandelion

Hypochoeris radicata L. Cat s ear dandelion Dicot Simple Perennial Key I.D. Structures : - general structure: basal rosette of leaves with long, erect, branched stalks, milky sap - leaves: hairy, irregular to rounded lobes - stems: tall, branched, mostly leafless - flowers: bright yellow, consist of ray flowers - seedheads: globe-like, grayish white parachutes - root system: thick, long taproot that may be branched

Plantago major Broadleaf plantain

Plantago major Broadleaf plantain Dicot Simple Perennial Key I.D. Features: - general structure: perennial from a basal - leaves: rosette with broad oval leaves smooth or slightly hairy, oval to elliptic, waxy surface, parallel veins, margins sometimes wavy - flowers: produced on unbranched stalks (scapes) that arise from the rosette - root system: taproot with fibrous roots

Plantago lanceolata Buckhorn plantain

Plantago lanceolata Buckhorn plantain Dicot Simple Perennial Key I.D. Features: - general structure: perennial from a basal rosette with lanceolate leaves - leaves: smooth or slightly hairy, linear to lanceolate, parallel veins - seedheads: produced on unbranched stalks (scapes) that arise from the rosette - root system: taproot with fibrous roots

Annual and perennial broadleaf Coolpower Escalade 2 Horsepower Speedzone Trimec Classic Triplet TZone weed control

Sedge characteristics Monocots Triangular stems (unlike grasses) Stems are solid Thrive in wet or poorly drained soils

Cyperus esculentus L. Yellow nutsedge

Cyperus esculentus L. Yellow nutsedge Monocot Complex Perennial Key I.D. Features: - general structure: a grass-like plant with yellowish green foliage - leaves: narrow, yellow-green, pointed blade tips - flowers: yellowish to brownish spikelets in clusters - root system: presence of rhizomes and chestnut/white tubers

Cyperus rotundus L. Purple nutsedge

Cyperus rotundus L. Purple nutsedge Monocot Complex Perennial Key I.D. Features: - general structure: an erect, persistent perennial that may reach 2.5 ft in height - leaves: wide, dark green, blunt blade tips - stems: erect, unbranched, 3-angled flowering stems - flowers: purplish spikelets in clusters - fruit: purplish brown, three-angled achene - root system: rhizomes with chains of charcoal tubers

Cyperus compressus L. Annual sedge

Cyperus compressus L. Annual sedge Monocot Summer annual Key I.D. Features: - general structure: bunch-type growth habit that typically emerges later in summer than other sedges - seedheads: clusters of flat, green spikes on stalks - root system: fibrous root system, no tubers

Kyllinga spp. Kyllinga

Kyllinga spp. Kyllinga Monocot Complex Perennial Key I.D. Features: - general structure: mat-forming perennial sedge that gives off fruity fragrance when cut - leaves: dark green in color, shiny, taper to a sharp point; no hairs, ridge along midvein - seedheads: simple single roundish congested head with three bracts below - root system: red to purple rhizomes

Dismiss Prosedge Q4 Sedge control