GEOL 101 - Introductory Geology: Exploring Planet Earth Fall 2010 Test #2 October 18, 2010 Name KEY ID# KEY Multiple choice questions (2 points each). 1. What type of metamorphic rock is formed over large areas of the Earth s crust and by directed pressure? a) contact b) regional c) hydrothermal 2. Metamorphism which occurs around the margins of a hot igneous intrusion is called: a) regional metamorphism b) contact metamorphism c) hydrothermal metamorphism 3. The lower and upper limits of metamorphic conditions are bounded by conditions of: a) compaction and oxidation b) lithification and partial melting c) diagenesis and hydrolysis 4. The alignment of platy minerals like muscovite such that metamorphic rocks break into sheet-like fragments is called: a) gneissic banding b) brittle deformation c) foliation 5. Which of the following is a common low-grade metamorphic index mineral? a) garnet b) amphibole c) chlorite d) sillimanite 6. Which of the following is a regional metamorphic rock? a) schist b) slate c) gneiss d) phyllite e) all of these 7. When a limestone is metamorphosed a is produced. a) slate b) marble c) schist d) quartzite 8. What mineral might be a good index mineral for a high grade metamorphic rock? a) mica b) quartz c) chlorite d) sillimanite 9. When a sandstone is metamorphosed a is produced. a) slate b) marble c) zeolite d) quartzite 10. Medium grade metamorphism of a mafic igneous rock (basalt) will produce a rock called: a) schist b) greenschist c) gneiss 11. The sequence of metamorphic rock types produced from a shale or mudstone when going from low to high grade metamorphism is: a) phyllite, slate, schist and gneiss b) slate, phyllite, gneiss and schist c) slate, phyllite, amphibolite and gneiss d) slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss 1
12. Metamorphic rocks are important because they preserve information about the conditions they formed under. These include: a) temperature b) stress orientation c) pressure d) all of these 13. When a rock is deformed by directed pressure (differential stress) what type of texture may result? a) coarsely crystalline b) foliation c) non-foliated 14. What part of a streams load will be transported regardless of water velocity? a) bed load b) suspended load c) dissolved load 15. The measure of the amount of water flowing through a river channel is what? a) velocity b) discharge c) cross sectional area 16. Ions in solution (that originate from chemical weathering) in river water are called what? a) suspended load b) bed load c) dissolved load 17. Given the following sedimentary material, which is most likely to be present as suspended load in a very slow moving river such as at a delta? a) gravel b) sand c) silt d) clay 18. A river with a very high gradient, such as a river flowing in a steep mountainous terrain, will be able to carry what size material? a) coarse gravel b) sand c) clay d) all of these 19. The ultimate base level for all rivers on Earth is what? a) large lakes b) the ocean c) the largest rivers 20. Which of the following characteristics of rivers decreases going downstream? a) sediment size b) water velocity c) gradient d) all of these 21. Floodplains develop due to: a) meandering of stream channels b) overflow of streams c) both of these 22. Most erosion in a meandering stream channel occurs where? a) on the outside of bends b) on the inside of bends c) between bends 23. The principle of states that sedimentary rocks lower in a sequence are older. 24. The principle of states that objects inclosed in rock must be older than the rock. 2
25. The principle of states that fossils appear in the rock record according to definite chronological patterns, including progressively more complex fossils in younger rocks. 26. An is an angular contact between sedimentary layers. 27. A is an irregular erosional contact between sedimentary layers which are parallel. 28. A is a contact between igneous/metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks. Questions 29-33 refer to the following diagram: 29. What event occurred immediately after deposition of the upper section of sedimentary rocks (the section which includes the conglomerate and shale)? 30. Which of the following is the youngest event? 31. Which of the following is the oldest event? 3
32. If the batholith is dated and found to be 105 million years (Ma) old, then how old is dike B? a) older than 105 Ma b) younger than 105 Ma c) 105 Ma 33. If the batholith is 105 million years (Ma) old, and dike A is 95 Ma, then how old is dike B? a) older than 105 Ma b) younger than 105 Ma c) between 95 and 105 Ma 34. Which interval of geologic time is generally characterized by the appearance of abundant fossils in the rock record? a) Phanerozoic b) Cenozoic c) Mesozoic d) Proterozoic 35. Which interval of geologic time means recent life and is the era which includes the present time? a) Phanerozoic b) Cenozoic c) Mesozoic d) Proterozoic 36. Which interval of geologic time contains approximately 88% of Earth s history? a) Cenozoic b) Mesozoic c) Paleozoic d) Precambrian 37. Using radioactive elements to determine absolute age of rocks and minerals relies on knowledge of the half life of the unstable radioactive parent isotope. After one half-life the ratio of daughter to parent (daughter/parent) will be: a) 1/3 b) 1/2 c) 1 d) 2 e) 3 38. After 2 half-lives have passed what would the ratio of daughter to parent (daughter/parent) be? a) 1/3 b) 1/2 c) 1 d) 2 e) 3 39. Approximately what percentage of water on Earth is fresh water (not in the oceans)? a) 78% b) 30% c) 11% d) 3% 40. Approximately 85% of the fresh water on the Earth is present as: a) groundwater b) surface water c) glacial ice d) water vapor in the air 41. is a measure of the amount of open spaces in a rock. a) porosity b) permeability c) networking 42. Some rocks may form aquifers in which groundwater is stored. Which of the following rock types would likely make the best aquifer? a) metamorphic b) sandstone c) granite d) shale 43. Which of the following rocks would likely make the best aquitard? a) conglomerate b) sandstone c) limestone d) shale 44. is the capacity of a material for flow of a liquid through it. a) porosity b) permeability c) networking 45. In desert areas with very little rain the tends to be disconnected from surface streams. a) aeration zone b) unsaturated zone c) water table 4
46. The is found between the zone of saturation and the zone of aeration. a) water table b) aquitard c) aquifer d) border zone 47. A stream might be found in an area where rainfall is high. a) gaining b) losing (connected) c) losing (disconnected) 48. A stream might be found in an area rainfall is low. a) gaining b) losing (connected) c) losing (disconnected) 49. A aquifer is where water is stored between two sedimentary rock layers which tend to act as aquitards. a) perched b) confined c) unconfined d) none of these 50. What is your lecture instructors name? a) Kelly Robertson b) Scott Nowicki c) Terry Spell d) Joe Biden e) James Munky Shaffer 5