Endosymbiosis & Eukaryotic evolution

Fig. 28-01 PROTISTS Eukaryotic Single, colonial or multicellular Fungal-like, plant-like, animal-like or mixotrophs (combo) Cilia, flagellum/(a) or psuedopodia Worldwide (aquatic or terrestrial) Aerobic or anaerobic 1 µm

Fig. 28-02-1 Endosymbiosis & Eukaryotic evolution Cyanobacterium Cyanbacterium Primary endosymbiosis Heterotrophic Primary endosymbiosis Heterotrophic eukaryote eukaryote Over the course of evolution, this membrane was lost. Membranes are represented as dark lines in the cell. 1 2 3 Red alga One of these membranes was lost in red and green algal descendants. Green alga Red alga Green alga 1 µm

Fig. 28-02-2 Endosymbiosis & Eukaryotic evolution Plastid Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates Cyanobacterium Cyanobacterium Membranes are represented as dark lines in the cell. Red alga Red alga Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Apicomplexans Apicomplexans 1 2 3 Primary endosymbiosis Primary endosymbiosis Stramenopiles Stramenopiles Heterotrophic eukaryote Over One the of course these of evolution, membranes was this membrane lost in red and was lost. green algal descendants. Green alga Green alga Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Plastid Plastid Euglenids Euglenids Chlorarachniophytes 4 membranes

Fig. 28-03a OLD VERSION 5 Supergroups Protists polyphyletic Alveolate s Stramenopiles Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Oomycetes Chlorarachniophytes Forams Radiolarians Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria cytoskeleton Feeding groove excavated amitochondriate alveoli Flagellum(a) Ameboid critters rrna Red algae Chlorophytes Charophyceans Land plants Archaeplastida plastids (2 membranes) photosynthesis Slime molds Gymnamoebas Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Unikonta Single flagellum or ambeoid w/o flagellum Choanoflagellates Animals

Figure 28.2 4 Supergroups (Presently) Protists polyphyletic Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata Excavata 5 μm Archaeplastida 20 μm 50 μm Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Green algae Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams Cercozoans Radiolarians Red algae Chlorophytes Charophytes Land plants Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals SAR clade Archaeplastida Unikonta SAR Clade 100 μm 50 μm Unikonta 100 μm

Figure 28.2a 4 Supergroups Protists polyphyletic Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams Cercozoans Radiolarians Excavata SAR clade cytoskeleton Feeding groove excavated amitochondriate DNA sequence 2 endosymbiosis with red algae Some: alveoli Some hairy flagella Some ameboid rrna Green algae Red algae Chlorophytes Charophytes Land plants Archaeplastida plastids (2 membranes) photosynthesis Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Unikonta Single flagellum or ambeoid w/o flagellum

Fig. 28-03b Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata cytoskeleton feeding groove amitochondriate

Fig. 28-UN1 There were 5 Supergroups Kinetoplastids Euglenids Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria Archaeplastida Unikonta

Figure 28.UN02 Now there s 4 Supergroups Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata SAR clade Archaeplastida Unikonta

Diplomonads Lack plastids No/reduced mitochondria Relic mitosomes lack ETC Anaerobic environment Multi-flagellated (4) 2 haploid nuclei Many parasitic & free-living Giardia lamblia

Parabasala Large modified golgi parabasal body No/reduced mitochondria Hydrogenosomes (anaerobic) Multiflagellated Endobionts Trichomonas vaginalis Trichonympha

Euglenozoa All biflagellated (2) Crystaline rod Photosynthetic, heterotrophic or mixotrophic Free-living or parasitic Kinetoplastids or Euglenids

Euglenozoa 1) Kinetoplastids spiral or crystaline rod in flagella Large mitochondrion Kinetoplastid DNA Worldwide distribution Free living or parasitic Bait & switch surface proteins Trypansoma Africa African sleeping sickness Americas Chaga s disease Trypanosoma

African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma gambiense Vector = tsetse fly

Chaga s Disease Trypanosoma cruzi Vector = kissing bug (assassin bug) Americas

Fig. 28-07 Euglenozoa 2) Euglenids Euglena (mixotrophic) Long flagellum Eyespot Short flagellum Contractile vacuole Light detector Nucleus Chloroplast Euglena (LM) 5 µm Plasma membrane Pellicle

Figure 28.UN03 Present version Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams Cercozoans Radiolarians Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Excavata SAR clade DNA sequence 2 endosymbiosis with red algae Some: alveoli Some hairy flagella Some ameboid rrna Archaeplastida Unikonta

0.2 µm Alveolates: 1) Dinoflagellates, 2) Apicomplexans & 3) Ciliates Flagellum Alveoli Alveolate Fig. 28-08

Dinoflagellates Biflagellated (90 ) Flagellular groove Cellulose plates Freshwater & marine Photosynthetic & mixotrophic Endosymbionts of corals (zooxanthellae/zoochorellae) Red tides Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

Fig. 28-09 3 µm Flagella

Apicomplexan Specialized structure on sporozoite or merozoite stage penetrate host All parasitic Digenetic Sexual & asexual stages Bait & switch surface proteins

Fig. 28-10-3 Inside mosquito Anopheles Inside human Plasmodium lifecycle Sporozoites (n) Liver Merozoite Liver cell Oocyst Apex MEIOSIS Merozoite (n) Red blood cell Zygote (2n) Red blood cells FERTILIZATION Gametes Gametocytes (n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

Paramecium Ciliates Cilia 2 nucleic Macronucleus (regulation) Micronucleus (repro) Conjugation & binary fission Vacuoles (food, contractile) Free living, parasitic Blepharisma Stentor

Ciliate Diversity

Fig. 28-11 Contractile vacuole 50 µm Cilia Oral groove Cell mouth Micronucleus Macronucleus Food vacuoles (a) Feeding, waste removal, and water balance MEIOSIS Compatible mates Diploid micronucleus The original macronucleus disintegrates. Diploid micronucleus Haploid micronucleus MICRONUCLEAR FUSION Key (b) Conjugation and reproduction Conjugation Reproduction

3 clades Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Aquatic algae w/ flagella Thin straw-like flagella Stramenopiles

Fig. 28-12 Stramenopile flagella Smooth flagellum Hairy flagellum 5 µm

Fig. 28-13 Diatom flagella 3 µm

Freshwater or Marine Unicellular Overlapping silica walls Phytoplankton Diatomaceous earth Diatoms

Fig. 28-03h 50 µm

Fig. 28-14 Flagellum Outer container Living cell Chrysophyta = golden algae

Brown Algae Phyaeophyta Fucoxanthin Marine,cold Blade Alternation of generations Diploid & haploid Analogous structures Stipe Holdfast Fig. 28-15

Fig. 28-16-2 Sporangia 10 cm Sporophyte (2n) Zoospore MEIOSIS Mature female gemetophyte (n) Developing sporophyte Zygote (2n) FERTILIZATION Egg Female Gametophytes (n) Male Key Sperm Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

Fig. 28-17-3 Cyst Zoospore (2n) Germ tube Hyphae ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Zoosporangium (2n) Zygote germination MEIOSIS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Oogonium Egg nucleus (n) Antheridial hypha with sperm nuclei (n) FERTILIZATION Zygotes (oospores) (2n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

Rhizarians amoebas Radiolarians, foraminiferans (forams) & cercozoans Psuedopodia (locomotion & feeding) Pseudopodia Radiolarian Silica tests Psuedo radiate from central body 200 µm Fig. 28-18

Fig. 28-03i 20 µm Foraminiferan (Foram) CaCO 3 tests Porous, multichambered test Psuedo through pores Endosymbiotic algae

Cercozoans Amoeboid & flagellated with threadlike psuedopodia Marine, FW & soil ecosystems Parasitic & predators Figure 28.19

Figure 28.UN04 Current version Chlorophytes Charophytes Red algae Green algae Land plants Excavata SAR clade Archaeplastida Plastids endosymbiosis Unikonta

Fig. 28-19 Red Algae Rhodophyta Phycoerythin Warmer waters 20 cm Bonnemaisonia hamifera 8 mm Dulse (Palmaria palmata) Nori. The red alga Porphyra is the source of a traditional Japanese food. The seaweed is grown on nets in shallow coastal waters. The harvested seaweed is spread on bamboo screens to dry. Paper-thin, glossy sheets of nori make a mineral-rich wrap for rice, seafood, and vegetables in sushi.

Fig. 28-20

Fig. 28-03j 20 µm Green Algae Chlorophyta Fresh vs marine Chlorophyll Charophytes Land Plants 50 µm

Fig. 28-21 (a) Ulva, or sea lettuce 2 cm (b) Caulerpa, an intertidal chlorophyte

Fig. 28-22-2 Flagella Cell wall Nucleus + Gamete (n) + Cross section of cup-shaped chloroplast Zoospore ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mature cell (n) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION FERTILIZATION Zygote (2n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) MEIOSIS

Chromoaveolata SAR supergroup The SAR clade is a diverse monophyletic supergroup 3 major clades stramenopiles, alveolates, & rhizarians highly diverse group DNA similarities Diatom diversity rhizarian in the SAR clade 5 μm Smooth flagellum Hairy flagellum

Figure 28.UN03 Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams Cercozoans Radiolarians Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Excavata SAR clade Archaeplastida Unikonta

Figure 28.2a Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams Cercozoans Radiolarians SAR clade Green algae Red algae Chlorophytes Charophytes Land plants Archaeplastida Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Unikonta

Fig. 28-23 RESULTS Choanoflagellates Common ancestor of all eukaryotes Animals Fungi Amoebozoans Diplomonads Euglenozoans Unikonta Excavata Alveolates Stramenopiles Chromalveolata DHFR-TS gene fusion Rhizarians Red algae Green algae Rhizaria Archaeplastida Plants

Figure 28.UN05 Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Excavata SAR clade Archaeplastida Unikonta

Fig. 28-03f Psuedopodia Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Slime molds Gymnamoebas Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Unikonta Posterior flagellum

Fig. 28-24-3 Amoebozoans Plasmodial slime molds 4 cm FERTILIZATION Zygote (2n) Feeding plasmodium Mature plasmodium (preparing to fruit) Flagellated cells (n) Amoeboid cells (n) Germinating spore Spores (n) Mature sporangium Young sporangium MEIOSIS 1 mm Stalk Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

Amoebozoans Slime molds Spores (n) FERTILIZATION 600 µm Emerging amoeba (n) Solitary amoebas (feeding stage) (n) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Zygote (2n) Fruiting bodies (n) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Aggregated amoebas Amoebas (n) Migrating aggregate Key 200 µm Fig. 28-25-2 Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

Fig. 28-03l Amoebozoans 100 µm

Fig. 28-27 Key High risk Moderate risk Low risk Nurseries with P. ramorum infections (2004) on other host plants (such as rhododendron).

Figure 28.29 Protists play key roles in ecological communities Photosynthetic Protists Producer Other consumers Herbivorous plankton Carnivorous plankton Prokaryotic producers Protistan producers

Figure 28.29 Protists play key roles in ecological communities Endosymbiont

Figure 28.2 Excavata 5 μm Archaeplastida 20 μm 50 μm Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Green algae Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams Cercozoans Radiolarians Red algae Chlorophytes Charophytes Land plants Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals SAR clade Archaeplastida Unikonta SAR Clade 100 μm 50 μm Unikonta 100 μm

Figure 28.UN06a Eukaryote Supergroup Major Groups Key Morphological Characteristics Specific Examples Excavata Diplomonads and parabasalids Modified mitochondria Giardia, Trichomonas Euglenozoans Kinetoplastids Spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella Trypanosoma, Euglena Euglenids SAR Clade Stramenopiles Diatoms Hairy and smooth flagella Phytophthora, Laminaria Golden algae Brown algae Alveolates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) beneath plasma membrane Pfiesteria, Plasmodium, Paramecium Ciliates Rhizarians Radiolarians Amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia Globigerina Forams Cercozoans

Figure 28.UN06b Eukaryote Supergroup Major Groups Key Morphological Characteristics Specific Examples Archaeplastida Red algae Phycoerythrin (photosynthetic pigment) Porphyra Green algae Plant-type chloroplasts Chlamydomonas, Ulva Land plants (See Chapters 29 and 30.) Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants Unikonta Amoebozoans Slime molds Tubulinids Amoebas with lobeshaped or tube-shaped pseudopodia Amoeba, Dictyostelium Entamoebas Opisthokonts (Highly variable; see Chapters 31 34.) Choanoflagellates, nucleariids, animals, fungi

Figure 28.UN06 Eukaryote Supergroup Major Groups Key Morphological Characteristics Specific Examples Excavata Diplomonads and parabasalids Modified mitochondria Giardia, Trichomonas Euglenozoans Kinetoplastids Euglenids Spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella Trypanosoma, Euglena SAR Clade Stramenopiles Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Hairy and smooth flagella Phytophthora, Laminaria Alveolates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) beneath plasma membrane Pfiesteria, Plasmodium, Paramecium Rhizarians Radiolarians Forams Cercozoans Amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia Globigerina Archaeplastida Red algae Phycoerythrin (photosynthetic pigment) Porphyra Green algae Plant-type chloroplasts Chlamydomonas, Ulva Land plants (See Chapters 29 and 30.) Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants Unikonta Amoebozoans Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Opisthokonts Amoebas with lobeshaped or tube-shaped pseudopodia (Highly variable; see Chapters 31 34.) Amoeba, Dictyostelium Choanoflagellates, nucleariids, animals, fungi

Fig. 28-UN6

If the mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells resulted from endosymbiosis, what features might we expect these organelles to contain? A. a plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes B. a plasma membrane, nucleus, and ribosomes C. nucleus, DNA, and ribosomes D. a plasma membrane, nucleus, and cilia E. nucleus, ribosomes, and cilia

Trypanosoma, a kinetoplastid, is the causative agent of a) HIV/AIDS b) Malaria c) Giardiasis d) Trichomoniasis e) Sleeping sickness

Which of the following most likely arose from endosymbiosis? A. nuclear membrane and Golgi apparatus B. ER and chloroplasts C. chloroplasts and mitochondria D. mitochondria and Golgi apparatus

Fig. 28-UN6a

Fig. 28-UN6b

Fig. 28-UN6c

Fig. 28-UN6d

Fig. 28-UN6e