THE PEOPLES & CIVILIZATIONS OF THE AMERICAS BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF EUROPEAN SETTLERS

THE PEOPLES & CIVILIZATIONS OF THE AMERICAS BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF EUROPEAN SETTLERS

WISCONSIN GLACIATIONS ICE AGE LEADS TO LOWERING OF OCEAN LEVELS RESULTS IN A FUSION OF LANDMASSES BETWEEN THE PRESENT DAY BERING SEA & CHUKCHI SEA A MASSIVE SUBCONTINENT CALLED BERINGIA NOT A LANDBRIDGE OVER A THOUSAND MILES WIDE ROUGHLY THE DISTANCE BETWEEN NEW YORK & OMAHA COMPARE TODAY; THE SPAN OF THE BERING SEA TODAY IS JUST 60 MILES

WISCONSIN GLACIATIONS HUMAN INHABITANTS FROM NORTHEASTERN ASIA ARRIVE ON BERINGIA THEY LIVE THERE FOR THOUSANDS UPON THOUSANDS OF YEARS; HUNTING WOOLY MAMMOTHS, YAKS, ANTELOPES AND VARIOUS PLANT LIFE ENOUGH TO SUSTAIN LIFE TO SAY THAT BERINGIANS MIGRATED TO WHAT BECAME NORTH AMERICA IS INCORRECT BERINGIANS LIVED ON THE SUBCONTINENT FOR A SPAN OF OVER 50 CENTURIES

WISCONSIN GLACIATIONS WHEN THE EARTH S CLIMATE BEGINS TO WARM UP; THE ICE BEGINS TO RECEDE BEYOND THE HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS OF TIME OCEAN & SEA LEVELS RISE OVER THESE THOUSANDS OF YEARS SUBMERGING LOW LYING ISLANDS INCLUDING BERINGIA

WISCONSIN GLACIATIONS THE PEOPLE OF BERINGIA NOW LIVE COMPLETELY ISOLATED FROM OTHER PEOPLES AND CONTINENTS FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS TO COME CIVILIZATIONS GROW IN NORTH & SOUTH AMERICA ANYWHERE BETWEEN 70,000 B.C. & 40,000 B.C.

The main Hemispheric Civilizations T H U S ; I N D I G E N O U S P E O P L E S W E R E A L R E A D Y W E L L E S T A B L I S H E D R E S I D E N T S O F T H E W E S T E R N H E M I S P H E R E B E F O R E T H E T R A N S F O R M A T I O N S O F H U M A N S O C I E T Y I N E U R O P E O N E T H E E V E O F 1 4 9 2 T H E H E M I S P H E R I C P O P U L A T I O N W A S B E T W E E N 7 5, 0 0 0, 0 0 0 A N D 1 0 0, 0 0 0, 0 0 0 ; W I T H A T L E A S T 1 2, 0 0 0, 0 0 0 N O R T H O F M E X I C O L E O N A R D T H O M P S O N & P O L I T I C A L M Y T H O L O G Y W H Y?

The main Hemispheric Civilizations M A Y A N S O C I E T Y B A S E D O N H I E R O G L Y P H I C W R I T I N G S Y S T E M S, M A T H E M A T I C S, C A L E N D A R S T R U E E X T E N T O F D E P T H O F M A Y A N C I V I L I Z A T I O N M A Y N E V E R B E K N O W N A F T E R 1 0 0 0 C E T H E T O L T E C S A N D A Z T E C S E M E R G E A S D I S T I N C T C I V I L I Z A T I O N S T E N O C H T I T L Á N C H I E F C I T Y O F T H E A Z T E C S M O R E P R O S P E R O U S A N D A D V A N C E D T H A N A N Y T H I N G T H E S P A N I S H I N V A D E R S H A D S E E N I N E U R O P E A Q U E D U C T S Y S T E M F O R C L E A N D R I N K I N G W A T E R H E R N A N C O R T É S N O T E D I N H I S J O U R N A L T H A T T H E W E A L T H & P R O S P E R I T Y H E S A W W E R E U N I M A G I N A B L E

The main Hemispheric Civilizations AZTEC SOCIETY TOOK ASPECTS OF MAYAN CIVILIZATION WAR TRIBUTE & SACRIFICES HUITZILOPOCHTLI, AZTEC WAR GOD RESENTMENT AGAINST TRIBUTARY SYSTEMS LEADS TO DIVISIONS BETWEEN INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ON EVE OF EUROPEAN INVASION THE INCAS OF PERU WERE ANOTHER CIVILIZATION THAT AROSE AROUND THIS TIME THEIR EMPIRES WERE MORE WEALTHY & POWERFUL THAN THAT OF THE AZTECS

The Peoples & Nations of North America NORTH AMERICAN MOUND BUILDERS ADENA & HOPEWELL PEOPLES GREAT SERPENT MOUND, OHIO. TEMPLE MOUND BUILDERS, CAHOKIA, ILLINOIS FROM THE TEMPLE MOUND BUILDERS A NUMBER OF NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLES EMERGED NATCHEZ WERE ONE OF THE LAST OF THE TEMPLE MOUND BUILDERS

The Peoples & Nations of North America C O N T I N U I N G A G R I C U L T U R A L I N N O V A T I O N S R A I S E N A T I V E A M E R I C A N P O P U L A T I O N, E S T I M A T E S V A R Y F R O M 8 0 M I L L I O N T O 1 2 0 M I L L I O N W I T H A T L E A S T 5 M I L L I O N T O 8 M I L L I O N I N N O R T H A M E R I C A. O V E R 2 2 0 0 L A N G U A G E S W I T H A T L E A S T 6 5 0 I N C E N T R A L & N O R T H A M E R I C A. C O M P L E X & A G R A R I A N S O C I E T I E S I N S O U T H E A S T H O P I & Z U N I P R A C T I C E D I R R I G A T I O N, B E S T K N O W N F O R F L A T - R O O F E D M U L T I L A Y E R E D V I L L A G E S C A L L E D P U E B L O S

The Peoples & Nations of North America S O U T H E A S T E R N N A T I V E A M E R I C A N S ( C H E R O K E E S, C H I C K A S A W S, C R E E K S, C H O C T A W S, S E M I N O L E S ) M O R E A T T U N E D T O A G R I C U L T U R E. N O R T H E A S T E R N T R I B E S ( M I C M A C S & M A H I C A N S ) E M P H A S I Z E D H U N T I N G & G A T H E R I N G. M A N I T O U S H A M A N S N O C O N C E P T O F I N D I V I D U A L O W N E R S H I P I N T E R T R I B A L W A R F A R E W A S C H I E F L Y C E R E M O N I A L W I T H V E R Y L I T T L E O R N O B L O O D S H E D

The Peoples & Nations of North America F I V E N A T I O N S O F T H E I R O Q U O I S ( M O H A W K S, O N E I D A S, O N O N D A G A S, C A Y U G A S A N D S E N E C A S ) D E C I S I O N - M A K I N G A U T H O R I T Y W A S M A T R I L I N E A L W O M E N L E A D E R S & W O M E N O N T R I B A L C O U N C I L S

Europe, 1000 1450 A.D. EUROPEANS HAD ALREADY MADE CONTACT WITH AMERICA 500 YEARS BEFORE COLUMBUS VIKINGS (SCANDINAVIAN) EXPLORERS HAD VISITED REGIONS IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC SETTLEMENTS HOWEVER HAD FAILED EUROPE BECOMES AWARE OF THE WORLD OUTSIDE ITS BOUNDARIES THROUGH THE CRUSADES (1095 AD 1272 AD) AND THE RENAISSANCE GEOGRAPHERS, SCIENTISTS BEGIN TO TAKE AN INTEREST IN UNDERSTANDING THE WORLD AROUND THEM

Europe, 1000 1450 A.D. ADVANCES IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE ART OF SAILING EUROPEANS LEARN ABOUT ASTROLABE & SEXTANT FROM MUSLIM & ARAB SAILORS ENCOUNTERED IN THE MEDITERRANEAN & WESTERN ASIA; THROUGH THESE CONTACTS EUROPEANS ALSO CREATE BETTER SAILING SHIPS CALLED CARAVELS GUNPOWDER, COMPASS, STERNPOST RUDDER WERE ALL CHINESE INVENTIONS THAT THE EUROPEANS BEGAN TO UTILIZE LEARNT ABOUT TRADE WINDS AND WESTERLY S THAT CAN CARRY SHIPS GREATER DISTANCES BY SAIL

Preparations for the invasion OPPORTUNE MOMENT IN HISTORY FOR EUROPEAN VOYAGES: OTHER NATIONS AND CIVILIZATIONS (FOR EXAMPLE, CHINESE & SOUTH ASIAN) NO LONGER HAVE FLEETS ON THE HIGH SEAS VOYAGES ARE EXTREMELY EXPENSIVE TO FINANCE; BUT ARE BACKED BY RENAISSANCE PRINCES OR THOSE SEEKING WEALTH PRINCE HENRY/JOHN I OF PORTUGAL FERDINAND & ISABELLA OF SPAIN

Preparations for the invasion CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS; A GENOESE MARINER, CONVINCES THE SPANISH PRINCES OF THE LURE OF THE WEALTH OF THE ORIENT VOYAGES FINANCED BY SPAIN CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS ENDED UP IN THE BAHAMAS ARAWAKS INTER CAETERA THE POPE DIVIDES THE AMERICAS BETWEEN THE SPANISH & THE PORTUGUESE NOBODY ASKED THE INHABITANTS OF THESE LANDS WHAT THEY THOUGHT OTHER EUROPEAN POWERS LEFT OUT OF THE DIVIDE

The Conquest & Destruction of the Hemisphere AFTER 1510, SPANISH INVADERS BEGIN TO FAN OUT ON THE MAINLAND COLUMBUS S RUTHLESS DESTRUCTION OF HISPANIOLA IS AN INDICATION OF THINGS TO COME 1492 : 8,000,000 PEOPLE ON HISPANIOLA 1496: 1/3 1/2 OF THE EIGHT MILLION HAVE PERISHED AT THE HANDS OF COLUMBUS AND THE INVADERS THE WORD PACIFICATION FAMILIAR TO PEOPLE TODAY WAS COINED BY THE SPANISH DURING DRIVE TO EXTERMINATE THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

The Conquest & Destruction of the Hemisphere BETWEEN 1510 1560 NINETY PERCENT OF MEXICO'S INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF TWENTY FIVE MILLION IS WIPED OUT DUE TO EUROPEAN DISEASE AND SPANISH BRUTALITY THE OTHER MAJOR CIVILIZATION OF THE HEMISPHERE, THE INCA, ARE WIPED OUT EQUALLY BY EUROPEAN DISEASE AND MILITARY EXTERMINATION

The Conquest & Destruction of the Hemisphere ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM THE DISTRIBUTION OF COMMUNITIES, NOT LAND, AMONGST SPANISH OFFICIALS TO DO WITH AS THEY PLEASE DE LAS CASAS- LONE VOICE OF SPANISH DISSENT AGAINST ATROCITIES IN THE AMERICAS THE SPANISH EMPIRE IS CONCERNED ONLY WITH THE EXTRACTION OF WEALTH; THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ARE WORKED TO DEATH IN THE GOLD AND SILVER MINES HORRIFIC DROPPING OFF IN INDIGENOUS PEOPLES LEADS TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SLAVERY IN THE HEMISPHERE

The Great Schism & the ascent of English seapower 1517 : THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION SPLITS WESTERN EUROPE INTERNAL CIVIL WARS ENGLAND BECOMES A PROTESTANT POWER AND SPAIN REMAINS LOYAL TO THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ENGLISH PRIVATEERS NOW ATTACK SPANISH TREASURE SHIPS RETURNING TO EUROPE DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA (1588) ENGLISH MERCHANTS URGE ELIZABETH I TO FOLLOW SPANISH EXAMPLE TO SEIZE RICHES OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE

Failed landing at Roanoke Island THE FAILURE OF THE ROANOKE LANDINGS DIFFICULTIES IN SUBSISTING WITHOUT REINFORCEMENTS & SUPPLIES SETTLEMENTS DISAPPEAR WITHOUT A TRACE LESSONS LEARNED: MUST POOL RESOURCES TO FINANCE EXPEDITION JOINT STOCK COMPANIES MERCHANTS & CROWN (ROYAL GOVERNMENT INCLUDING MONARCH) FINANCE SETTLERS & SETTLEMENTS TO PREVENT CATASTROPHIC LOSSES

First English settlement (1607) 1570 1600: SPANISH MILITARY EXPEDITIONS & DISEASES HAVE WROUGHT HAVOC AMONGST THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE LAND TO BE CLAIMED AS VIRGINIA THREE GENERATIONS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES HAVE BEEN WIPED OUT BY 1608 ALREADY BY THE SPANISH & FRENCH 1607: 104 ENGLISH SETTLERS ARRIVE IN WHAT BECOMES JAMESTOWN

Extermination of the Powhatan Nation E A R L Y A D M I R A T I O N F O R I N D I G E N O U S A G R I C U L T U R A L I N G E N U I T Y, S Y S T E M O F G O V E R N A N C E B U T I N D I G E N O U S P E O P L E S A R E E A R M A R K E D F O R E X T E R M I N A T I O N J O H N S M I T H / R A L P H L A N E H O S T A G E T A K I N G V I O L A T I O N O F T R E A T I E S 1 6 9 7 : P O W H A T A N S N A T I O N H A S B E E N W I P E D O U T 1 7 0 0 : 6 0, 0 0 0 E N G L I S H S E T T L E R S I N V I R G I N I A V. A P P R O X I M A T E L Y 5 0 0 O R S O R E M A I N I N G A N E X T E R M I N A T I O N R A T E O F 9 5 % N O S I G N O F M Y T H I C A L R I C H E S F O U N D I N S O U T H E R N A M E R I C A ; B U T T O B A C C O B E C O M E S R E A S O N F O R E S T A B L I S H M E N T O F E N G L I S H C O L O N Y I N V I R G I N I A