How Did the Renaissance Change Man's View of Man? Overview: The word "renaissance" means "rebirth" or "revival." In world history, the Renaissance is used to describe a period in Europe that began around the year 1400 and lasted until about 1700. Thanks in large part to the scientific and cultural advances made during this time, people saw themselves in a new way. The impact of the Renaiss ance was powerful and has endured for centuries. This Mini-Q asks you to explore how this exciting and important era changed the concept of what it means to be human. The Documents: Document A: The Individual in Art Document B: Man's Inner Nature Document C: Man 's Place in the Universe Document D: The Human Body A Mini Document Based Question (Mini-Q) 20 11 The DBQ Project 431
Background Essay Renaissance Mini-Q How Did the Renaissance Change Man's View of Man? The Renaissance was a period of big change in European history. It was a time of intellectual excitement, when art and literature blossomed and groundbreaking scientific advances were made. Over the course of about 300 years, the Renaissance spread from its home base in Italy to western and northern Europe. The effect was like a sunrise making its way across the land. To understand the changes the Renaissance produced, it helps to review what European society was like before it arrived. The time period before the Renaissance is usually called the Middle Ages, which stretched from the fall of the Roman Empire around 500 CE to about 1350. During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope were the primary players in Europe. The custodians of culture - that is, the people who owned most of the books and made handwritten copies of the Bible - were priests who often lived a closed existence inside the walls of monasteries. School s were few. Illiteracy was widespread. Most of the population, more than 85 percent, was peasant farmers called serfs who worked for a lord and his estate. Serfs were little more than slaves. Both serfs and their masters looked to the Catholic Church and the Bible to explain the world. The art and literature that existed focused on Jesus Christ and sin. In the 1300s, important changes began to happen. Improved farming methods helped peasants become more self-sufficient. More and more serfs gained their freedom and no longer depended on lords. Some freed serfs migrated to towns, where they took up trades. The number of merchants and bankers increased. Since these people needed to have an education to effectively carry on their work, literacy spread. Eventually, educated people began to question the teachings of the Church. A movement called humanism developed, which praised the beauty and intelligence of the individual. As more people became educated, human ism worked its way into the arts, literature, the sciences, and medicine. The early Renaissance was especially vigorous in the city-states of Italy - places like Rome, Venice, Florence, and Milan. The invention of the printing press in the mid-1400s gave the Re naissance and humanism even more momentum. Initially, the Renais sance was an upper-middle class movement, but thanks to the mechanization of printing, shopkeepers and street sweepers were able to afford books and article s that discussed the new ideas spreading across Europe. As a result, people started to look at themselves in a new way. But what, exactly, was this new way? Examine the documents that follow and answer the question: How did the Renaissance change man 's view ofman? 435
Background Essay Questions 1. What is the meaning of the word "renaissance"? Describe the time period known as the Renaissance. 2. In general terms, how would you describe the Middle Ages? 3. Why did educati on start to increase during the BOOs? 4. Why was the printing press so important to the spread of the Renai ssance and humanist thinking? 5. Define these terms: Middle Ages monasteries illiteracy serfs humanism 1324 CE - Mansa Musa begins Hajj to Mecca. 1433 - Zheng He makes a final voyage to Africa. 1453 - Byzantine Empire falls. 1455 - Gutenberg prints 180 Bibles. 1503 - Leonardo da Vinci completes the Mona Lisa. 1521 - Magellan dies in the Philippines. 1601 - Shakespeare writes Hamlet. 437
Document A Sources: Images: Madonna Enthroned Between Two Angels by Duccio di Buoninsegna; Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. Text: Theodore Rabb, The Last Days of the Renaissance & The March to Modernity, Basic Books, 2006. Note: The painting on the left was done in the late 1200s by the Italian artist Duccio di Buoninsegna. During the Middle Ages, most paintings had religious subject matter. The painting on the right, the Mona Lisa, was made by the Renaissance artist and scholar Leonardo da Vinci in the early 1500s. The [clearest] evidence of the break with medieval culture comes from the visual arts. [It] was the essence of the Renaissance... One begins to know the names of the artists... feel stronger emotions in the subjects... see well-defined landscapes, natural folds in drapery, and three-dimensional figures; and one begins to notice the emphasis on symbolic representation giving way to depictions of recognizable scenes... the new artistic styles would echo the broader movements and interests of the new age... Neither the techniques nor the forms of artistic expression were to be the same again. 1. What were the names of the artists who created these two paintings and when was each painted? 2. Which of the two paintings is a Renaissance painting? 3. Using hints from the text excerpt, describe at least three ways in which the paintings are different. 4. How do these two paintings show that, during the Renaissance, man's view of man was changing? 441
Document B Source: Excerpt from an English play called Everyman, written by an unknown author in 1485. Note: Though written in 1485, which was during the Renaissance period, these lines carry a message right out of the Middle Ages. Source: Excerpt from Act II, Scene II of Hamlet by William Shakespeare, 1601. 1. Who is Everyman? 2. How do Everyman's ideas about sin change as he gets older? 3. Who is the Heaven-King and what is the "general reckoning"? 4. What does Shakespeare mean when he says, "What a piece of work is a man!"? 5. What are some of man's qualities, according to Shakespeare? 6. How do these two passages show how the Renaissance changed man 's view of man? 443
Renaissance Mini-O Document C Source: Drawings of the universe by Claudius Ptolemy (circa 100 CE) and Nicolaus Copernicus (circa 1500). Note: Ptolemy (tol-eh-mee) was a Roman astronomer who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, about 100 years after the time of Jesus. He developed a theory of the universe that was adopted by most scholars during the Middle Ages. The Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus lived from 1473 to 1543. Relying mostly on mathematics, he developed a very different understanding of the universe. Geocentric means "earth-centered" and heliocentric means "sun-centered." The Geocentric Universe of Ptolemy The Heliocentric Universe of Copernicus,\ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1 1. According to Ptolemy's diagram, how does the universe work? Where is the sun (solis) in his diagram? 2. According to Copernicus's diagram, how does the universe work? 3. The ideas of Copernicus were upsetting to the Catholic Church. What might explain this? 4. How might the ideas of Copernicus have influenced the way people thought about the nature of man and man's place in the universe? 445
Document D Source: A woodcut called "Zodiac Man" from a book by German astronomer Johann Regiomontanus, 1512, and a woodcut from the anatomy book On the Makeup of the Human Body by Belgian physician Andreas Vesalius,1543. Note: The image on the left reflects the Middle Ages belief that each sign of the zodiac" governed a certain part of the body. For example, the constellation of stars called Aries the Ram controlled the head; Sagittarius the Archer controlled the thighs. The illustration on the right was based on the research done by Andreas Vesalius, who dissected human corpses to better explain the human body to his medical students. "The zodiac is a band of 12 groups of constellations (stars) that stretch across the sky. 1. Which of the drawings is more realistic? Explain. 2. During medieval times, what was widely believed to control the health and well being of different parts of the body? Give an example. 3. What do you suppose Vesalius thought of the zodiac theory of anatomy? 4. How did Vesalius get his information about the makeup of the human body? 5. How does this document show how the Renaissance changed man's view of man? 2011The 0 BO Project 447