History of Aerosol Remote Sensing Mark Smithgall Maria Zatko 597K Spring 2009
Aerosol Sources Anthropogenic Biological decomposition from fertilizer and sewage treatment (ex. ammonium) Combustion of fossil fuels (ex. non sea salt sulfate) Diesel exhaust (ex. nitrate) Fly ash (ex. inorganic oxidized material) Courtesy Sam Snow Natural Sea salt Dust (ex. particulate organic matter) Forest fires (ex. elemental carbon) Organic gases from Earth s surface (ex. particulate organic matter) Courtesy Sam Snow
Courtesy Tim Bates
Scattering Rayleigh Scattering d<<λ ex. Gas particles Mie Scattering d λ ex. Smoke, dust, d=0.1-100 times λ Non-Selective Scattering d>>λ ex. Sea salt, birds, planes d
Aerosol Remote Sensing Satellites Past Aerosol Satellites: Nimbus 1 7 Cloudsat Present Aerosol Satellites: Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra, Aura, CALIPSO, Cloudsat, Aqua A-Train Aqua, Aura, CALIPSO, Cloudsat, OCO European Space Agency Environsat, ERS -2 Future Aerosol Satellites: NPOESS, OCO
Nimbus 1964-1978 Nimbus 1-7 launched between 1964 and 1978 Sun Synchronous Orbit ; Polar orbits with global data twice every 24 hours Nimbus 7 contained Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) which led to the ozone hole discovery Nimbus 1 - First global images of synoptics Nimbus 2 - Ocean temperature Nimbus 3 - Atmospheric temperature and solar radiation Nimbus 4- Ozone layer Nimbus 5 - Rainfall over oceans and sea ice Nimbus 6 - Atmospheric temperature at different altitudes Nimbus 7 - Stratosphere, ocean conditions, and global weather
Nimbus Instruments Infrared Imaging High Resolution Infrared Radiometer- Nimbus 1, 2, 3 Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer- Nimbus 2, 3 Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer- Nimbus 4-7 Microwave Imaging Electronic Scanning Microwave Radiometer- Nimbus 5, 6 Scanning Multispectral Microwave Radiometer- Nimbus 7 Sounding High Resolution Infrared Sounder- Nimbus 6 Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer- Nimbus 3, 4 Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere- Nimbus 7 Limb Radiance Inversion Radiometer- Nimbus 6 Nimbus E Microwave Spectrometer- Nimbus 5 Pressure Modulated Radiometer- Nimbus 6 Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder- Nimbus 7 Scanning Microwave Spectrometer- Nimbus 6 Selective Chopper Radiometer- Nimbus 4, 5 Satellite Infrared Spectrometer- Nimbus 3, 4 Others Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer- Nimbus 4 Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II- Nimbus 7 Surface Composition Mapping Radiometer- Nimbus 5 Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet/Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer- Nimbus 7 Courtesy NSIDC
Terra -1999 (A-train/EOS) 15-year global data set Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Uses15 different electromagnetic spectrum bands (encompasses visible and infrared). Moderate image resolution creates detailed maps to highlight physical and radiative properties Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Measures longwave and shortwave radiation with 20 km resolution throughout atmosphere using three channels (0.3-5 μm, 8-12 μm, and all wavelengths). Operates in three scanning modes; cross-track, along-track, and Rotating Azimuth Plane (RAP) Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) Measures longwave radiation in varing directions and spectral bands. Nine digital cameras at angles (towards nadir, 26.1, 45.6, 60.0, and 70.5 ) gather data in four wavelengths (blue, green, red, and near-infrared). Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Measures aerosols, cloud properties, radiative energy flux, land cover, and emission from fires and volcanoes. Wavelengths from 0.4 μm to 14.4 µm over 36 spectral bands and various spatial resolutions (2 bands at 250 m, 5 bands at 500 m and 29 bands at 1 km). Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) Measures upwelling infrared radiation at 4.7 μm and 2.2-2.4 μm. Correlation spectroscopy calculates total carbon monoxide (and methane in future) levels in lower atmosphere
Aqua (2002) (A-train/EOS) Primarily observes Earth s water cycle but also observes radiative fluxes, aerosols, and properties of Earth s surfaces and oceans. Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) - measures cloud properties, surface wind speed, sea surface temperature, and radiative energy flux Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) - Measures aerosols, cloud properties, radiative energy flux, land cover, and emission from fires and volcanoes. Wavelengths from 0.4 μm to 14.4 µm over 36 spectral bands and various spatial resolutions (2 bands at 250 m, 5 bands at 500 m and 29 bands at 1 km) Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A) - Measures atmospheric humidity and temperature Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) - Measures clouds, ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and sulfur dioxide, dust particles, atmospheric temperature, humidity, land temperatures, and sea surface temperatures Humidity Sounder for Brazil (HSB) Measures atmospheric humidity using very high frequency band equipment. Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Measures longwave and shortwave radiation with 20 km resolution throughout atmosphere using three channels (0.3-5 μm, 8-12 μm, and all wavelengths). Operates in three scanning modes; cross-track, along-track, and Rotating Azimuth Plane (RAP) Courtesy Wikipedia
ENVISAT- 2002 Launched by the European Space Agency Similar instruments are advanced versions of prior instruments flown on ERS-1 and ERS-2 ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar)-C band, detect changes in surface heights with sub-millimeter precision. MERIS (MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer)- reflectance of the Earth in the solar spectral range (390 to 1040 nm) and transmits 15 spectral bands back to the ground segment. AATSR (Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer)- temperature of the sea surface RA-2 (Radar Altimeter 2)- K u band and S bands, defines ocean topography, map/monitor sea ice and measure land heights. MWR (Microwave Radiometer) -measure water vapor in the atmosphere and estimate the tropospheric delay for the altimeter GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars) looks to stars as they descend through the Earth's atmosphere and change color, which also tells a lot about the presence of gases such as O 3 (ozone), and allows for the first time a space-based measurement of the vertical distribution of these trace gases. MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding)- spectrometer SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartographY) compares light coming from the sun to light reflected by the Earth, which provides information on the atmosphere through which the earth-reflected light has passed.
Aura - 2004 (A-train/EOS) Measurements of Earth's ozone layer, air quality, and climate High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) - infrared radiation from ozone, water vapor, CFCs, methane, and nitrogen compounds. observe global distribution of temperature and concentrations of and aerosols in the upper troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) - emissions from trace gases including ozone. Water vapor also detected. Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) - Uses UV and visible radiation to create global ozone maps Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) measures trace gases in the infrared including ozone, nitrogen oxides, methane, and carbon monoxide Courtesy Wikipedia
CALIPSO - 2006 (A-train/EOS) NASA A-Train member and joint NASA and Centre National d Etudes Soatiales/CNES project Lidar instrument with passive infrared and visible imagers determines aerosols and cloud properties in vertical columns of atmosphere CALIPSO works in conjunction with CloudSat; a 94 GHz cloud profiling radar system with 500m vertical resolution Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP)- Active 532 and 1064 nm polarization-sensitive lidar provides vertical aerosol and cloud profiles at 30 m vertical resolution Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR) detects cirrus cloud emissivity and particle size using calibrated infrared radiances at 8.7μ, 10.5 μ and 12 μ. CALIOP is aligned with IIR center. Wide Field Camera Science Data (WFC) Similar to Ball Aerospace CT-633 star tracker camera X-band transmitter system data downlinked in Alaska Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) Measures backscattered power by clouds using a 94-GHz radar
The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (A-train) 2009 Courtesy JPL Courtesy Wikipedia Projected launch date 2/23/2009 Polar orbiting satellite; majority of Earth s surface observed every sixteen days Determine sources and sink of carbon dioxide on a global scale To avoid CO2 fluctuations during day, measurements always taken at (1:18 pm) Single instrument onboard - three parallel, high-resolution spectrometers connected to one telescope. Spectrometers measure the infrared absorption of carbon dioxide and oxygen from Earth s surface. Three modes: Nadir Mode- vertical measurements, Glint Mode- measurements where sunlight directly reflected on Earth s surface, Target Mode- measures CO2 at specified ground point
NPOESS-2013? (NOAA/NESDIS) National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) monitor the Earth's weather, atmosphere, oceans, land and near-space environment. Will replace U.S Department of Defense satellites and NOAA Polar Operational Environmental satellites. Northrop Grumman Space Technology chief developer; Raytheon, Ball Aerospace & Technologies and Boeing develop sensors. Courtesy NOAA Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) Measures atmospheric temperature and moisture Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) - Measures atmospheric temperature and moisture Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) collects visible, infrared, and radiometric data Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) ozone monitor Courtesy Wikipedia
Resources http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/aerosol/index_links.html#aerosoljobs http://www.astronautix.com/craft/nimbus.htm http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/about/payload.php http://centaur.sstl.co.uk/sshp/mini/mini60s.html http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/spaceflight/metsats/sp35.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/calipso http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aura_(satellite) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nimbus_program http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/esa http://science.nasa.gov/realtime/jtrack/3d/jtrack3d.html http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/calipso/main/ http://www.nasa.gov/missions/current/index.html http://earth.esa.int/workshops/atmos2006/participants/1010/paper_future_nasa_atmospheric_missions2.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orbiting_carbon_observatory http://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/observatory/ http://www-airs.jpl.nasa.gov/