NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF AN ORTHOTROPIC COMPOSITE ROTOR BLADE

Similar documents
Differential Quadrature Method for Solving Hyperbolic Heat Conduction Problems

APPLICATION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL QUADRATURE METHOD TO THE LONGITUDINAL VIBRATION OF NON-UNIFORM RODS

Static and free vibration analysis of carbon nano wires based on Timoshenko beam theory using differential quadrature method

STATIC AND DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF TAPERED BEAMS ON TWO-PARAMETER FOUNDATION

Vibration Analysis of Isotropic and Orthotropic Plates with Mixed Boundary Conditions

VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF EULER AND TIMOSHENKO BEAMS USING DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMATION METHOD

Thermal buckling analysis of shear deformable laminated orthotropic plates by differential quadrature

Thermal Vibration of Magnetostrictive Material in Laminated Plates by the GDQ Method

Structural Dynamics Lecture Eleven: Dynamic Response of MDOF Systems: (Chapter 11) By: H. Ahmadian

Analysis of Axially Loaded Non-prismatic Beams with General End Restraints Using Differential Quadrature Method

Presented By: EAS 6939 Aerospace Structural Composites

Example 3.7 Consider the undeformed configuration of a solid as shown in Figure 3.60.

BENDING VIBRATIONS OF ROTATING NON-UNIFORM COMPOSITE TIMOSHENKO BEAMS WITH AN ELASTICALLY RESTRAINED ROOT

Buckling Analysis of Ring-Stiffened Laminated Composite Cylindrical Shells by Fourier-Expansion Based Differential Quadrature Method

Bending of Simply Supported Isotropic and Composite Laminate Plates

The Rotating Inhomogeneous Elastic Cylinders of. Variable-Thickness and Density

Vibro-acoustic response of FGM plates considering the thermal effects Tieliang Yang1, a, Qibai Huang1, *

Basic Equations of Elasticity

The Homotopy Perturbation Method for free vibration analysis of beam on elastic foundation

JEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Shape Optimization of Revolute Single Link Flexible Robotic Manipulator for Vibration Suppression

3 2 6 Solve the initial value problem u ( t) 3. a- If A has eigenvalues λ =, λ = 1 and corresponding eigenvectors 1

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF A FUNCTIONALLY GRADED BEAM RESTING ON THE ELASTIC NONLINEAR FOUNDATION

Vibration analysis of tapered rotating composite beams using the hierarchical finite element

2766. Differential quadrature method (DQM) for studying initial imperfection effects and pre- and post-buckling vibration of plates

Hydroelastic vibration of a rectangular perforated plate with a simply supported boundary condition

Bending Analysis of a Cantilever Nanobeam With End Forces by Laplace Transform

Free vibration and dynamic instability analyses of doubly-tapered rotating laminated composite beams

D : SOLID MECHANICS. Q. 1 Q. 9 carry one mark each.

Dynamic Analysis of Laminated Composite Plate Structure with Square Cut-Out under Hygrothermal Load

VIBRATION AND DAMPING ANALYSIS OF FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIAL CONICAL SHELLS

A HIGHER-ORDER BEAM THEORY FOR COMPOSITE BOX BEAMS

ANALYSIS OF NONUNIFORM BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATIONS USING RECURSIVE DIFFERENTATION METHOD

Finite element model for vibration analysis of pre-twisted Timoshenko beam

Application of Laplace Iteration method to Study of Nonlinear Vibration of laminated composite plates

Lecture 8. Stress Strain in Multi-dimension

Nonlinear bending analysis of laminated composite stiffened plates

Free Vibrations of Timoshenko Beam with End Mass in the Field of Centrifugal Forces

UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN ME MECHANICS OF MATERIALS I FINAL EXAM DECEMBER 13, 2008 Professor A. Dolovich

Some Aspects Of Dynamic Buckling of Plates Under In Plane Pulse Loading

Free Vibration Analysis of Kirchoff Plates with Damaged Boundaries by the Chebyshev Collocation Method. Eric A. Butcher and Ma en Sari

DYNAMIC CHARACTERISATION OF COMPOSITE LATTICE PLATES BASED ON FSDT. Composite Materials and Technology Center, Tehran, Iran

Mechanics of Inflatable Fabric Beams

Module III - Macro-mechanics of Lamina. Lecture 23. Macro-Mechanics of Lamina

Unit 13 Review of Simple Beam Theory

Passive Damping Characteristics of Carbon Epoxy Composite Plates

Transverse Vibration Analysis of an Arbitrarily-shaped Membrane by the Weak-form Quadrature Element Method

Free Vibration Response of a Multilayer Smart Hybrid Composite Plate with Embedded SMA Wires

Thermal buckling and post-buckling of laminated composite plates with. temperature dependent properties by an asymptotic numerical method

MODIFIED HYPERBOLIC SHEAR DEFORMATION THEORY FOR STATIC FLEXURE ANALYSIS OF THICK ISOTROPIC BEAM

Mechanics PhD Preliminary Spring 2017

Bending Analysis of Symmetrically Laminated Plates

Finite Element Analysis Lecture 1. Dr./ Ahmed Nagib

ANALYSIS OF YARN BENDING BEHAVIOUR

Vibration of Thin Beams by PIM and RPIM methods. *B. Kanber¹, and O. M. Tufik 1

FREE VIBRATION OF AXIALLY LOADED FUNCTIONALLY GRADED SANDWICH BEAMS USING REFINED SHEAR DEFORMATION THEORY

Free vibrations of a multi-span Timoshenko beam carrying multiple spring-mass systems

Dynamic Response Of Laminated Composite Shells Subjected To Impulsive Loads

Using the finite element method of structural analysis, determine displacements at nodes 1 and 2.

202 Index. failure, 26 field equation, 122 force, 1

Advanced Vibrations. Elements of Analytical Dynamics. By: H. Ahmadian Lecture One

ScienceDirect. The Stability of a Precessing and Nutating Viscoelastic Beam with a Tip Mass

A Finite Element Model for Structural and Aeroelastic Analysis of Rotary Wings with Advanced Blade Geometry

Regression-Based Neural Network Simulation for Vibration Frequencies of the Rotating Blade

FINITE ELEMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF NOVEL CONCEPT OF 3D FIBRE CELL STRUCTURE

DYNAMIC FAILURE ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES

Module 7: Micromechanics Lecture 34: Self Consistent, Mori -Tanaka and Halpin -Tsai Models. Introduction. The Lecture Contains. Self Consistent Method

Article. Kamlesh Purohit and Manish Bhandari*

Coupled bending-bending-torsion vibration of a rotating pre-twisted beam with aerofoil cross-section and flexible root by finite element method

Study on modified differential transform method for free vibration analysis of uniform Euler-Bernoulli beam

Analysis of Non-Rectangular Laminated Anisotropic Plates by Chebyshev Collocation Method

FREE VIBRATIONS OF UNIFORM TIMOSHENKO BEAMS ON PASTERNAK FOUNDATION USING COUPLED DISPLACEMENT FIELD METHOD

3D Elasticity Theory

THE BENDING STIFFNESSES OF CORRUGATED BOARD

IV B.Tech. I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February/March FINITE ELEMENT METHODS (Mechanical Engineering) Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 80

Implementation of an advanced beam model in BHawC

Natural frequency analysis of fluid-conveying pipes in the ADINA system

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Index

Vibration Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes Using the Spline Collocation Method

Nonlinear Free Vibration of Nanobeams Subjected to Magnetic Field Based on Nonlocal Elasticity Theory

Advanced Vibrations. Distributed-Parameter Systems: Exact Solutions (Lecture 10) By: H. Ahmadian

Toward a novel approach for damage identification and health monitoring of bridge structures

DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF SYNTACTIC FOAM CORE SANDWICH USING A MULTIPLE SCALES BASED ASYMPTOTIC METHOD

Unit - 7 Vibration of Continuous System

URL: < >

AERO 214. Lab II. Measurement of elastic moduli using bending of beams and torsion of bars

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF COMPOSITE CONSTRAINED LAYERS IN VIBRATION DAMPING OF PLATES

1089. Modeling and dynamic analysis of rotating composite shaft

AEROELASTIC ANALYSIS OF SPHERICAL SHELLS

TABLE OF CONTENTS. Mechanics of Composite Materials, Second Edition Autar K Kaw University of South Florida, Tampa, USA

A reduced-order stochastic finite element analysis for structures with uncertainties

VIBRATION PROBLEMS IN ENGINEERING

The stiffness tailoring of megawatt wind turbine

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN

NONLINEAR WAVE EQUATIONS ARISING IN MODELING OF SOME STRAIN-HARDENING STRUCTURES

Chapter 3. Load and Stress Analysis

NONLINEAR VIBRATIONS OF ROTATING 3D TAPERED BEAMS WITH ARBITRARY CROSS SECTIONS

Computation Time Assessment of a Galerkin Finite Volume Method (GFVM) for Solving Time Solid Mechanics Problems under Dynamic Loads

Prediction of Elastic Constants on 3D Four-directional Braided

COMPOSITE PLATE THEORIES

Transcription:

Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol., o. 4, pp. 47-55 (4) 47 OIEAR DYAMIC AAYSIS OF A ORTHOTROPIC COMPOSITE ROTOR BADE Ming-Hung Hsu Key words: orthotropic composite rotor blade, differential quadrature method, vibration, numerical method. ABSTRACT This work presents the nonlinear dynamic analysis of orthotropic composite rotor blade using differential quadrature method (DQM). It can be found that the same efficient and procedure of DQM for both uniform composite beam and pre-twisted non-uniform composite beam. In this approach, only nine sample points are needed to achieve convergence. Dynamic responses of orthotropic composite rotor blade with various rotor rotation speeds are determined. Both linear and nonlinear dynamic responses have been obtained in order to study the significance of the nonlinear effect. The transient responses of the derived systems are calculated by using ewmark method. The bending-torsion coupled beam model is used to characterize the composite rotor blade. Kelvin-Voigt internal and linear external damping coefficients are employed and determined for the orthotropic composite rotor blade. The DQM is used to transform the partial differential equations of a composite rotor blade into a discrete eigenvalue problem. In this study, the effects of the fiber orientation, internal damping, external damping, pre-twisted angle and the rotation speed on the dynamic behavior for an orthotropic composite beam are investigated. The effect of the number of sample points on the accuracy of the calculated natural frequencies is also discussed. The integrity and computational efficiency of the DQM in this problem will be derived in this paper. ITRODUCTIO In the design of rotor blade, fiber reinforced composites have been used. Fiber reinforced composite material in blade applications has stimulated a considerable amount of study. Sivaneri and Chopra [4] solved the nonlinear trim equation of a flap-lag-torsion blade using the finite element method. Crespo Da Silva [3] analyzed the problem of determining the equilibrium soultion and the eigenvalues of a helicopter rotor blade in hover in a mathematically exact manner. Firedmann et al. [4] presented the vibration reduction Paper Submitted 3//4, Accepted 8//4. Author for Correspondence: Ming-Hung Hsu. E-mail: hsu@npit.edu.tw. *Department of Electronic Engineering, ational Penghu Institute of Technology, o. 3, iu-ho Rd., Makung City, Penghu Hsien, Taiwan 88, R.O.C. studies conducted on a servo flap configuration, a plain flap configuration and a dual servo flap using independent control. Wang and Peters [7] studied the interaction of wake dynamics and blade flapping dynamics through the mode shapes and eigenvalues of coupled modes continuous vibrations. Ruzicka and Hodges [] described the derivation of a mixed element and the element s effectiveness in modal reduction for a articulated blade model. Schultz and Tsai [] presented data concerning the dynamic material behavior in a glassfilament reinforced epoxy composite. Abarcar and Cunniff [] presented the fiber orientation effect on the vibration mode in cantilever beams made of unidirectional fiber reinforced composite materials. Shiau et al. [3] investigated the vibration and optimum design of a rotating laminated blade subject to constraints on the dynamic behavior. Rand and Barkai [] presented a nonlinear formulation for the structural behavior of initially twisted solid and thin walled composite blades. ekhnitskii [6] solved the static response of an orthotropic composite beam subjected to the simultaneous action of an applied bending moment and an applied torque. Thomas [5] developed a variation principle for a non-conservatively loaded cantilever beam with Kelvin-Voigt internal and linear external damping. Chen and Chen [9, ] and Chen and Shen [] applied the finite element model to study the dynamic stability aspects of a cracked orthotropic beam and investigated the mean square response and reliability of a rotating composite blade with external and internal damping. The dynamic characteristics of composite material structure are important in high-speed rotor blade designs. In this work, the differential quadrature method (DQM) was employed to formulate the eigenvalue problem of an orthotropic composite rotor blade in matrix form. The effects of the external and internal damping on the natural frequencies of the orthotropic composite rotor blade were also considered in the formulation. The integrity and computational efficiency of the DQM in this problem will be demonstrated through a series of case studies. This paper shows the detailed implementation of DQM in the nonlinear vibration analysis of a

48 Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol., o. 4 (4) composite rotor blade with internal and external damping. As noted in a number of papers, the DQM is a very efficient method for different structural analysis. The efficiency and the accuracy of Rayleigh-Ritz method are dependent on the number and the accuracy of the selected comparison functions. However, there is no this kind difficulty to selected the appropriate comparison functions in the DQ technology. To the author s knowledge, very few published papers in the literature have presented the nonlinear vibration analysis of an orthotropic composite rotor blade using the DQM. FORMATIO OF THE DYAMIC PROBEM Geometry of an orthotropic composite rotor blade structure is showed in Figure. The composite rotor blade is attached to a hub. Axes,, and 3 are the local axes and axes x, y and z are the global blade axes. θ f is the fiber orientation. Consider the orthotropic composite beam subjected to a bending moment M B (z, t) and a torsion moment M T (z, t) simultaneously. The bending and torsion moments can then be expressed as [6] M B = E zzi xx M T = C t v + C t C mt () E zzi xx C mt v + () where v(z, t) and φ(z, t) represent the displacement of the rotor blade in axis and the twist angle of the rotor blade in z axis, respectively. For a composite rotor blade, the parameters used in the above equations are defined as I xx = I XX cos z θ t + I YY sin z θ t (3) C t (z)= bh 3 3 G xz.63 sin θ f E.63 h b cos θ f E 33 sin θ f + 4 G 3 v 3 E 33 sin 4θ f E zz h b (4) = E zzi xx C t (5) C mt C mt = sin θ f E I xx cos θ f E 33 sin θ f + 4 E zz = sin 4 θ f + cos4 θ f + E E v 3 33 4 G 3 E 33 G xz = + E + v 3 E 33 E 33 G 3 v 3 E 33 sin θ f + cos θ f G 3 sin θ f sin 4θ f (6) (7) (8) where b is the breath of the rotor blade, h is the thickness of the rotor blade, v is the displacement of the rotor blade in y axis, E and E 33 are Young s modulus in and 3 axes, v 3 is the Poisson s ratio, G 3, G and G 3 are shear modulus in -3, - and -3 planes, I xx, I XX and I YY are the moments of area, θ t is the twist angle of the rotor blade. The kinetic energy of the rotating orthotropic composite rotor blade can be derived as T = ρa t dz + ρa w t dz + ρj z t dz + ρaω (r + z + w) (9) The corresponding strain energy of the rotating blade is U = M B v dz + M T dz Fig.. Geometry of a composite rotor blade. to + E zz A w + dz () Substituting Eqs. () and () into Eq. (), it leads

M.H. Hsu: onlinear Dynamic Analysis of an Orthotropic Composite Rotor Blade 49 U = v dz + C t C mt v dz + v + 3 v 3 + C t dz + E zz A w + dz () With considering the internal and external damping effects in the orthotropic composite blade, the virtual work δw in the blade can be derived as with δw = c + t δvdz F v δvdz + c φ t δφdz c 3 v t δvdz c 4 v t 4 δvdz c 5 v t 4 δvdz c w w t F φ δφdz () J z = C t (3) G xy G xy = sin (4) θ f + cos θ f G 3 G where w is the displacement of the rotor blade in the z axis direction, A is the section area of the rotor blade, Ω is the rotation speed of the rotor speed, J z is the polar moment of inertia, ρ is the density of the material and r o is the length of hub. F v is the lift acting on the rotor blade. F φ represents the moment acting on the rotor blade. c is the internal damping coefficient of the composite rotor blade. c o, c φ and c w are the external damping coefficient of the composite rotor blade, respectively. Substituting Eqs. (9), () and () into Hamilton equation t ( δt δu + δw) dt = (5) t The differential equations governing the nonlinear flexural-torsion dynamics of composite rotor blade are ρa v t + c t + + c 3 v t c 4 v t + E zzi xx 3 c 5 v t 4 δφdz + E zzi xx + 4 v 4 + C t C mt (E zza) w + E zz A w + E zz A w + C t C mt φ + C t 3 φ C mt 3 v ρj z (z) φ t + c φ t C t C mt 3 v 3 v F v = (6) C t C t C mt ρa w t + c w w t (E zza) w + E zz A w + v v t C t φ F φ = ρaω (r + z + w)= The corresponding boundary conditions are (7) (8) v(, t) = (9) (, t) = () v(, t) v(, t) + C t (, t) = C mt () + C t (, t) C mt = () φ(, t) = (3) C t E zzi xx v(, t) (, t) + C mt = (4) w(, t) = (5)

5 Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol., o. 4 (4) E zz A w(, t) + (, t) = (6) DIFFERETIA QUADRATURE METHOD The DQM was introduced by Bellman and Casti [] and Bellman et al. [3] in the early 97s. DQM has been extensively used to solve a variety of problems in different fields of science and engineering [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7]. DQM has been shown to be a powerful contender in solving initial and boundary value problems and thus has become an alternative to the existing methods. In the DQ technology, the derivative of a function at a given point can be approximated as a weighted linear sum of the functional values at all of the sample points in the domain of that variable. Using this approximation, the differential equation is then reduced into a set of algebraic equations. The number of equations is dependent upon the selected number of sample points within the domain. Suppose that there are sample points in the domain. For a function f(z), DQM approximation for the m th order derivative at the sample point z i is given by m m f(z, t) f(z, t) f(z, t) (m) f(z, t) f(z, t) f(z, t) for i, j =,,..., (7) where f(z i ) is the functional value at the sample point z i, (m) and are the DQ coefficients of the m th order differentiation attached to these functional values. In order to (m) determine the DQ coefficients of first order derivatives can be obtained from the following equation [8, 9], D () ij = z j z i k Π z i z k i z j z k k j k = for i =,,..., and j =,,..., (8) () = Σ z i z k i for i =,,..., (9) Once the sample points, i.e. z i, for i =,,...,, are selected, the coefficients of the DQ matrix can be obtained from Eqs. (8) and (9). Higher-order derivatives of DQ coefficients can be obtained by matrix multiplication, which are () = Σ k = (3) = Σ k = (4) = Σ D () () ik D kj D () () ik D kj D () (3) ik D kj k = for i =,,..., (3) for i =,,..., (3) for i =,,..., (3) The unequally spaced inner points of each blade using the Chebyshev-Gauss-obatto distribution [5] in the present computation are distributed as z i = cos (i ) for i =,,..., (33) UMERICA FORMATIOS By employing the DQ technology, Eq. (7) is substituted into Eqs. (6) to (6). The equations of motion for the orthotropic composite blade can be rearranged in matrix form as [M] y t where y(z, t) y(z, t) y(z, t) y(z +, t) y(z +, t) y(z, t) y(z +, t) y(z +, t) y(z 3, t) +[C] y t = +[K]{y} [F}= (34) v(z, t) v(z, t) v(z, t) φ(z, t) φ(z, t) φ(z, t) w(z, t) w(z, t) w(z, t) The elements in the mass matrix are M ii = ρa for i = 3, 4,..., (35) M ii = ρj z for i = +, + 3,..., (36) M ii = ρa for i = +, + 3,..., 3 (37) M ii = for i =,,,, +,, +, 3 (38) M ij = for i j, i =,,..., 3 and j =,,..., 3 (39)

M.H. Hsu: onlinear Dynamic Analysis of an Orthotropic Composite Rotor Blade 5 The elements in the damping matrix are C ii = c o + c + E zzi xx C C ij = c + c (4) D ii D (4) ij D () ii +c (3) D ii for i = 3, 4,..., (4) D () ij +c (3) + C t C mt φ(3) D i, j for i = 3, 4,..., and j = +, +,..., (48) K ij = for i = 3, 4,..., and j = +, +,..., 3 (49) K ij = for i =,,, and j =,,..., 3 (5) for i j, i = 3, 4,..., and j =,,..., K ij = C t C mt () D i,j C t C mt (3) D i, j (4) C ii = c φ for i = +, + 3,..., (4) C ii = c w for i = +, + 3,..., 3 (43) C ii = for i =,,,, +,, +, 3 (44) C ij = for i =,,..., and j = +, +,..., 3 C ij = for i j, i = +, +,..., 3 (45) and j =,,..., 3 (46) The elements in the stiffness matrix are K ij = + E zzi xx D () ij +c D (4) ij + (E zza) w + (3) D () ij for i = +, + 3,..., and j =,,..., K ij = C t D () i, j for i = +, + 3,..., C t D () i, j (5) and j = +, +,..., (5) K ij = for i = +, + 3,..., and j = +, +,..., 3 (53) K ij = for i = +, and j =,,..., 3 K ij = (E zza) D () i, j E zz A D () i, j for i = +, + 3,..., 3 (54) and j =,,..., (55) +(E zz A) w + w () K ij = for i = +, + 3,..., 3 and j = +, +,..., (56) +(E zz A) w + D () ij = K ii = (E () zza) D i, i () E zz AD i, j ρaω for i = +, + 3,..., 3 - (57) for i = 3, 4,..., and j =,,..., (47) K ij = (E () zza) D i, j () E zz AD i, j K ij = C t C mt () D i, j + C t C mt () D i, j for i j, i = +, + 3,..., 3 and j = +, +,..., 3 (58)

5 Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol., o. 4 (4) Table. atural frequencies of an orthotropic composite beam with θ f =5 and θ t = ω DQM FEM Experiment [] umber of sample points 7 9 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 ω 8.5 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8.5 8. ω 5.3 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 53. 5.4 Table. atural frequencies of an orthotropic composite beam with θ f =3 and θ t = ω DQM FEM Experiment [] umber of sample points 7 9 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 ω 5.4 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5.4 5. ω 33.5 33. 33. 33. 33. 33. 33. 33. 33. 33. 33. 34. 33.3 Table 3. atural frequencies of a tapered and pre-twisted composite beam with θ f =5 and θ t = ω DQM FEM umber of sample points 7 9 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 ω 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 9. 8.9 ω 55. 55. 55. 55. 55. 55. 55. 55. 55. 55. 55. 53.6 Table 4. atural frequencies of a tapered and pre-twisted composite beam with θ f = and θ t = ω DQM FEM umber of sample points 7 9 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 ω 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6 ω 46.4 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.5 46.4 K ij = for i = +, 3 and j =,,..., 3 RESUTS (59) The DQM feasibility and accuracy for the composite rotor blades were studied first. The effect of the number of sample points on the solution accuracy was also discussed. As noted in a number of papers [, 5, 6, 8], the fiber orientation, interphase, aspect ratio, temperature and boundary conditions have effects on the damping of the composite structure. Tables and show the natural frequency of the composite beam with θ f = 5 and θ f = 3 respectively. Tables 3, 4, and 5 show the natural frequency of the tapered and pre-twisted composite beam with θ f = 5, θ f = and θ f = 3 respectively. The material properties and the geometric dimensions of the composite beam are given as []: G =.54 GPa, E /G = 3.7, G 3 = 4.35 GPa, E 33 /G 3 = 3, G 3 = 5.58 GPa, v 3 =.3, A =.46 cm, I =.34 cm 4, = 9.5 cm and ρ = 55 kg 3. Different numbers of sample points for each m blade, such as 7, 9,, 3, 5, 7, 9,, 3, 5 and 7, were selected for the convergence analysis. The non-dimensional natural frequencies of the composite blade are defined as ω i = ω i ρa 4 /. In order

M.H. Hsu: onlinear Dynamic Analysis of an Orthotropic Composite Rotor Blade 53 to assess the accuracy of the DQM model, we computed the natural frequencies and normal modes through the finite element package MARC. The composite blade is modeled by eight-nodded orthotropic plate elements. A three dimensional model with elements are used. The undamped natural frequencies of the similar blade were calculated. Results in Tables,, 3, 4, and 5 indicated that the natural frequencies calculated using DQM has a better agreement with the experimental data and the FEM results. The results also display that DQM gives quite good accuracy even only 9 sample points are selected. The good agreement between the calculated and the measured natural frequencies of a composite blade indicated that DQM is an accurate and effective method for formulating the dynamic problems of a composite blade. Figures, 3, and 4 show the tip response in the y axis direction of the rotor blade with Ω = 7.7 rad/sec, Ω = 5.4 rad/sec and Ω = 3. rad/sec, respectively. The values of parameters of the composite rotor blade are = 3.99 5 m, G xy J zz =.467 5 m, E zz A =.3 8, = 9 m, r =.5 m, ρa = kg m and F u = (r + r) (r + R) sin (3.t) m. The dynamic response of an orthotropic composite rotor Table 5. atural frequencies of a tapered and pre-twisted composite beam with θ f =3 and θ t = ω DQM FEM umber of sample points 7 9 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 ω 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 ω 35.4 35. 35. 35. 35. 35. 35. 35. 35. 35. 35. 34.9 Fig.. Tip response in y axis direction of the rotor blade with Ω =7.7rad/sec. Fig. 4. Tip response in y axis direction of the rotor blade with Ω =3.rad/sec. Fig. 3. Tip response in y axis direction of the rotor blade with Ω =5.4rad/sec. Fig. 5. Tip response in z axis direction of the rotor blade with different Ω.

54 Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol., o. 4 (4) Fig. 6. Tip response in y axis direction of the rotor blade with different c. Fig. 7. Tip response in y axis direction of the rotor blade with different c. blade is simulated for both the nonlinear and linear model. Both linear and nonlinear dynamic responses have been obtained in order to study the significance of the nonlinear effect. The nonlinear terms are set to zero in the simulation of the linear model. It is found that the discrepancies between the nonlinear and linear results are quite significance. Figure 5 shows the tip response in z axis of the rotor blade with F u = (r + r) (r + R) sin (3.t) m and different Ω. The nonlinear vibration analysis of a composite rotor blade has been performed. The nonlinear term is updated for the system during the step-bystep solution. Results in Figure 5 reveal that the deflection at blade tip is dependent upon the rotor blade rotation speed Ω. Results show that higher Ω were found for the blade with a higher tip displacement. Figure 6 shows the tip response in y axis direction with initial acceleration m sec and different c. The equations of motion are solved by the direct integration method. It can be clearly seen that there is a significant reduction in the vibration by increasing c. Through simulation they show that damping can provide reduction in helicopter rotor blade response. Figure 7 shows the displacement in y axis direction at blade tip with initial acceleration m sec and different c. The differential equations of the system are discretized by DQM and the nonlinear equations of the system are solved using ewmark method. Results indicate that the internal or the external damping coefficients are the key factors to affect the natural frequencies of a composite blade. It can be clearly seen that there is a significant reduction in the vibration by increasing c. One can see the extensive vibrations without damping. COCUDIG REMARKS In this work, a DQM formulation on the dynamic problem of an orthotropic composite rotor blade is provided. Results indicate that the DQM is valid for solving such a complicate engineering problem without using a large number of degrees of freedom. This approach is convenient for solving problems governed by the fourth or higher order differential equations. In this approach, only nine sample points are needed to achieve convergence. Due to the coupling effect of torsion, axial displacement and flexure in an orthotropic composite rotor blade, the dynamic characteristics of an orthotropic composite rotor blade are much more complex than the isotropic rotor blade. The internal and external damping effects of the material on the dynamic characteristics of an orthotropic composite rotor blade have also been included. Excellent agreement has been obtained between the calculated and measured results. umerical results in this work showed that the rotation speed, internal damping and external damping coefficients have a significant influence on the system s dynamic. This work open new areas of application of the DQM. REFERECES. Abarcar, R.B. and Cunniff, P.F., The Vibration of Cantilever Beams of Fiber Reinforced Material, J. Compos. Mater., Vol. 6, pp. 54-57 (97).. Bellman, R.E. and Casti, J., Differential Quadrature and ong-term Integration, J. Math. Anal. Appl., Vol. 34, pp. 35-38 (97). 3. Bellman, R.E., Kashef, B.G., and Casti, J., Differential Quadrature: a Technique for Rapid Solution of onlinear Partial Differential Equations, J. Comput. Phys., Vol., pp. 4-5 (97). 4. Bert, C.W., Jang, S.K., and Striz, A.G., Two ew Approximate Methods for Analyzing Free Vibration of Structural Components, Int. J. umer. Methods Eng., Vol. 8, pp. 56-577 (988). 5. Bert, C.W. and Malik, M., Free Vibration Analysis of

M.H. Hsu: onlinear Dynamic Analysis of an Orthotropic Composite Rotor Blade 55 Tapered Rectangular Plates by Differential Quadrature Method: A Semi-Analytical Approach, J. Sound Vib., Vol. 9, o., pp. 4-63 (996). 6. Bert, C.W., Wang, X., and Striz, A.G., Differential Quadrature for Static and Free Vibration Analysis of Anisotropic Plates, Int. J. Solids Struct., Vol. 3, pp. 737-744 (993). 7. Bert, C.W., Wang, X., and Striz, A.G., Static and Free Vibration Analysis of Beams and Plates by Differential Quadrature Method, Acta Mech., Vol., pp. -4 (994). 8. Bert, C.W., Wang, X., and Striz, A.G., Convergence of the DQ Method in the Analysis of Anisotropic Plates, J. Sound Vib., Vol. 7, pp. 4-44 (994). 9. Chen, C.. and Chen,.W., Random Vibration and Reliability of a Damped Thick Rotating Blade of Generally Orthotropy Material, Compos. Struct., Vol. 53, pp. 365-377 ().. Chen, C.. and Chen,.W., Random Response of a Rotating Composite Blade with Flexure-torsion Coupling Effect by the Finite Element Method, Compos. Struct., Vol. 54, pp. 47-45 ().. Chen,.W. and Shen, G.S., Dynamic Stability of Cracked Rotating Beams of General Orthotropy, Compos. Struct., Vol. 37, pp. 65-7 (997).. Coni, M., Benchekchou, B., and White, R.G., The Structural Damping of Composite Beams with Tapered Boundaries, Compos. Struct., Vol. 35, pp. 7- (996). 3. Crespo Da Silva, M.R.M., A Comprehensive Analysis of the Dynamics of a Helicopter Rotor Blade, Int. J. Solids Struct., Vol. 35, o. 7-8, pp. 69-635 (998). 4. Friedmann, P.P., de Terlizzi, M., and Myrtle, T.F., ew Developments in Vibration Reduction with Actively Controlled Trailing Edge Flaps, Math. Comput. Model., Vol. 33, pp. 55-83 (). 5. Gibson, R.F., Model Vibration Response Measurements for Characterization of Composite Materials and structures, Compos. Sci. Technol., Vol. 6, pp. 769-78 (). 6. ekhnitskii, S.G., Theory of Elasticity of an Anisotropic Body, Holden-Day, San Francisco (963). 7. Malik, M. and Bert, C.W., Implementing Multiple Boundary Conditions in the DQ Solution of Higherorder PDE Application to Free Vibration of Plates, Int. J. umer. Methods Eng., Vol. 39, pp. 37-58 (996). 8. Quan, J.R. and Chang, C.T., ew Insights in Solving Distributed System Equations by the Quadrature Method- I. Analysis, Comput. Chem. Eng., Vol. 3, pp. 779-788 (989). 9. Quan, J.R. and Chang, C.T., ew Insights in Solving Distributed System Equations by the Quadrature Method- II. umerical Experiments, Comput. Chem. Eng., Vol. 3, pp. 7-4 (989).. Rand, O. and Barkai, S.M., A Refined onlinear Analysis of Pre-twisted Composite Blades, Compos. Struct., Vol. 39, o. -, pp. 39-54 (997).. Ruzicka, G.C. and Hodges, D.H., Application of the Mixed Finite Element Method to Rotor Blade Modal Reduction, Math. Comput. Model., Vol. 33, pp. 77- ().. Schultz, A.B. and Tsai, S.W., Dynamic Moduli and Damping Ratios in Fiber-reinforced Composites, J. Compos. Mater., Vol., o. 3, pp. 368-379 (968). 3. Shiau, T.., Yu, Y.D., and Kuo, C.P., Vibration and Optimum Design of Rotating aminated Blades, Composites, Vol. 7B, pp. 395-45 (996). 4. Sivaneri,.T. and Chopra, I., Dynamic Stability of a Rotor Blade Using Finite Element Analysis, AIAA J., Vol., o. 5, pp. 76-73 (98). 5. Thomas, C.R., Mass Optimization of on-conservative Cantilever Beams with Internal and External Damping, J. Sound Vib., Vol. 43, o. 3, pp. 483-498 (975). 6. Vantomme, J., A Parametric Study of Material Damping in Fiber-reinforced Plastics, Composites, Vol. 6, pp. 47-53 (995). 7. Wang, Y.R. and Peters, D.A., The ifting Rotor Inflow Mode Shapes and Blade Flapping Vibration System Eigen-analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., Vol. 34, pp. 9-5 (996). 8. Yim, J.H. and Gillespie, Jr. J.W., Damping Characteristics of and AS435-6 Unidirectional aminates Including the Transverse Shear Effect, Compos. Struct., Vol. 5, pp. 7-55 ().