Flow Monitoring Technologies in Oil and Gas Don Ford, Technical Specialist Spartan Controls Ltd.
Agenda Flow technologies at a glance Oil and Gas at a glance Select Flow Technologies in Depth Differential Pressure Flow Vortex Flow Coriolis Flow Magmeter Flow Spartan Controls Confidential Page 2
Main Flow Technologies At a Glance Ultrasonic In-Line Ultrasonic Strap-On Doppler Effect DP Pressure Thermal Mass Paddle Wheel Positive Displacement Venturi Rotameter Turbine Sonar DP Pressure Gas- orifice Recorder DP Orifice Conditioning Orifice V-cone Pitot Tube Annubar Vortex Magmeter Spartan Controls Confidential Page 3 Coriolis
Oil and Gas at a Glance Drilling Activities: Drilling fluids Frack water Upstream Oil and Gas production focuses on separating components Produced Oil Contains: Water Entrained Gas and Dissolved Gasses Oil Produced Gas Contains: Water Condensate (Natural Gas Liquids) Natural Gas Spartan Controls Confidential Page 4
Separate the Components Want to know our individual components Gas volumes / Oil Volumes / Water Volumes Paid on Natural Gas and Oil delivered to pipeline AER (Alberta Energy Regulator) Directive 17: Measurement Requirements for Oil and Gas Operations (monthly volume reporting) Royalties Responsible reservoir development Spartan Controls Confidential Page 5
Flow Technologies Inferential Meters Accuracy Turn Down Orifice & MultiVariable flow Xmtr ± 0.5-1.0% 8:1 Averaging Pitot tube & MV Flow ± 1.3% 8:1 ProBar - Matched Annubar & DP Xmtr ± 0.5-1.0% 5/10:1 Orifice & Analog Transmitter ± 2-4% 4:1 Orifice & Smart Transmitter ± 1-3% 4:1 Integral Orifice assembly ± 1-2% 4/8:1 Velocity Meters ElectroMagnetic ± 0.25-0.5% 30:1 Vortex ± 0.65% 25:1 Mass Meters Coriolis Elite ± 0.1% 100:1 F ± 0.32% 20:1 Spartan Controls Confidential Page 6
Differential Pressure (DP) Flow Measurement DP & Multivariable Transmitters Annubars Integral Orifice Plates Orifice Plates Venturi Nozzles Wedge Spartan Controls Confidential Page 7
DP vs Orifice Relationship Upstream Initial Head Maximum Pressure Change Permanent Pressure Loss Final Head After Pressure Recovery FLOW Streamline (Typical) High Pressure Connection Low Pressure Connection Primary Element (Concentric Orifice Plate) Secondary Element DP Transmitter Spartan Controls Confidential Page 8
Differential Pressure Accuracy: ±0.25 to >5% Full Scale Flow Rangeability: 3:1 up to 10:1 Fluids: Liquid, Gas, Steam Viscosity: Any Dirty /Clean: Certain types / Yes Meter sizes: ½ to >48 inches Max Pressure*: Up to ~37,895 kpa (5500 Psig) Temp. Range*: Up to ~537 C (1000 F) Relative Pressure Loss: Medium * Limited by differential pressure measurement device Spartan Controls Confidential Page 9
Differential Pressure Application Natural Gas Measurement Multivariable Pressure & Temp Correction Modbus to flow computer Fuel Gas Instrument Air Casing Gas / Blanket Gas Spartan Controls Confidential Page 10
Vortex Flow Meters Flanged and Wafer Styles Spartan Controls Confidential Page 11
Vortex Meter Theory Based on the von Karman Effect Fluid alternately separates from each side of the shedder bar face Vortices form behind the face and cause alternating differential pressures (DP) around the back of the shedder bar The frequency of the alternating vortex development is linearly proportional to flow rate Theodore von Karman 1861-1963 Spartan Controls Confidential Page 12
Vortex Meter Theory Alternating DP flexes a portion of the shedder bar Flexing motion sensed by piezoelectric sensor element Piezo converts motion to alternating electric signal Electric signal sent to transmitter Frequency of the electric signal is shedding frequency frequency Flow Rate Electronics Sensor Shedder Bar Meter Body Spartan Controls Confidential Page 13
Benefits of Vortex Flow Metering Vibration insensitivity to normal plant operation High accuracy and rangeability Measures liquid, gas, and vapor Low pressure drop Unaffected by changes in density and viscosity When measuring actual volumetric flow rates within the Reynolds number and velocity limitations Simple installation Few connections -- reduced fugitive emissions -- low cost High reliability No moving parts Spartan Controls Confidential Page 14
Vortex Flow Metering Accuracy (±): 0.5-1.35 % Rate Flow Rangeability: Up to 30:1 Fluids: Liquid, Gas, Steam Viscosity: Low - approx 10 cp Dirty / Clean: Yes/Yes Wet gas Yes Meter sizes: 1/2 16 Max Pressure*: Up to ~15,160 kpa (2,200+ Psig) Temp. Range*: Up to ~ 426 C 800 F) Relative Pressure Loss: Medium * Spec s will vary model to model Spartan Controls Confidential Page 15
Vortex Applications High pressure gas Produced Gas Gas Processing Facilities Fuel Gas Glycol (Heat Exchangers) Steam Boiler Oilsands SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) Spartan Controls Confidential Page 16
Coriolis Flow Meter Flow, total, Bonus: Density + Temp Mechanically tolerant Entrained gas and sand No viscosity effects Liquid or gas applications Low maintenance No up or down pipe straight Run Cautions: Minimize presence of Gas Watch pressure drops Sensor mounting Spartan Controls Confidential Page 17
Theory of Operation - Coriolis The Coriolis effect is an inertia force. In 1835, Gustave-Gaspard de Coriolis showed that this inertia force must be taken into consideration if the simple Newton s Law of Motion of bodies are to be used in a rotating frame of reference. Coriolis Effect: The original path is deflected westward by the rotation of the planet Gasparde de Coriolis Spartan Controls Confidential Page 18
Curved Tube Theory Spartan Controls Confidential Page 19
Coriolis Flow Meter Accuracy (±): 0.05 to 0.5% Rate Flow Rangeability: 10:1 up to 100:1 Fluids: Liquid, Gas, Steam Viscosity: Any Dirty / Clean: Yes / Yes Meter sizes: 1/10 6,8, 10 Size limits Max Pressure*: Up to ~37,895 kpa (5500 Psig) Temp. Range*: Up to ~ 343 C (650 F) Relative Pressure Loss: Medium * Specs will vary model to model Spartan Controls Confidential Page 20
Coriolis Applications Oil Metering Test Separator Sales Oil & Water Transfer Net Oil Calculation (based on density) to determine Oil vs. Water in comingled flow May be used for gas Oil Treating, Oil Terminal or Pipeline Spartan Controls Confidential Page 21
Magnetic Flow Meters Two Basic Styles Flanged with Transmitter Wafer with J-Box Spartan Controls Confidential Page 22
Theory of Operation: Faraday Law Volumetric Flow: Q = V * A Where: Q = Flow rate V = Velocity A = Area Sensing Electrodes E Faraday s Law: E=kBDV V = E/kBD Where: V = Velocity of conductor K = Proportionality constant E = Induced voltage B = Magnetic field strength D = Length of conductor Flange V D SST Pipe Lining Coils B Spartan Controls Confidential Page 23
Magnetic Flow Meters Accuracy (±): 0.25 to 1 % Rate Flow Rangeability: 30:1 Fluids: Liquids Viscosity: Any Dirty / Clean: Yes/Yes Meter sizes*: 1/8 90+ Max Pressure*: Up to ~ 34,450 kpa (5,000 Psig) Temp. Range*: Up to ~ 176 C (350 F) Relative Pressure Loss: Low * Spec s will vary model to model Spartan Controls Confidential Page 24
Magnetic Flowmeter Applications Produced Water Frac Fluids Drilling Fluids Disposal Water Effluent water from plant Spartan Controls Confidential Page 25
Questions? Flow Monitoring Technologies in Oil and Gas Don Ford, Technical Specialist, Spartan Controls Ltd. 403-542-7454 ford.don@spartancontrols.com Spartan Controls Confidential