BRAZOSPORT COLLEGE LAKE JACKSON, TEXAS SYLLABUS PHYS 2325 - MECHANICS AND HEAT CATALOG DESCRIPTION: PHYS 2325 Mechanics and Heat. CIP 4008015403 A calculus-based approach to the principles of mechanics and heat. (3 SCH, 3 lecture, 0 lab) Prerequisite: MATH 2413. May be taken concurrently with approval of the division chair. Required skill level code: Reading, A; Writing, A; Math, A. John C. Cooper Gary Hicks Jeff Detrick March 2013
BRAZOSPORT COLLEGE SYLLABUS PHYS 2325 - MECHANICS AND HEAT II. COURSE EVALUATION Student Evaluation In order to determine the student's mastery of the concepts specified in the objectives, the student will be evaluated as follows: A. Homework problems will be assigned from each chapter. The average of all homework grades will form 40% of the student's course grade. B. Weekly laboratory exercises will be conducted. The average of all laboratory grades will form 20% of the student's course grade. Additionally, to pass this course, student must successfully complete the laboratory portion with a grade of D or better. C. Five major tests will be given, and the average of these grades will form 40% of the student's course grade. (These percentages are flexible and are determined by the instructor.) In a continuing effort to improve the course, student evaluations will be sought during each semester. Also, professional journals will be studied for ideas on how to improve both the course and the teacher. This syllabus will be reviewed annually. Instructor Evaluation A. Students will be given an opportunity to evaluate their instructor and the course content. B. Instructor will review and evaluate in terms of withdrawal rate. C. Final grades given will be reviewed in an effort to determine if a pattern of high or low grades exists. Department Evaluation A. Faculty and the Divison Chair will review students grade and withdrawal trends. B. Faculty and the Divison Chair will review the Course, Competencies, Perspectives Assessment CORE CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENTS As part of the Brazosport College Core Curriculum, this course provides students the opportunity to achieve the following core curriculum objectives: 2
1. Critical Thinking: Including innovation, creative thinking, inquiry and analysis, evaluation, and synthesis of information 2. Communication Skills: Including effective development, interpretation, and expression of ideas through written, oral, and visual communication. 3. Empirical and Quantitative Skills: Including the manipulation and analysis of numerical data or observable facts resulting in informed conclusions. 4. Teamwork: Including the ability to consider different points of view and to work effectively with others to support a shared purpose or goal. Objectives will be assessed according to the Brazosport College Core Assessment Plan through the sampling and evaluation of student work. III. COURSE CONTENT Objectives The general objectives of this introductory physics course are twofold: to provide the student with a clear and logical presentation of the basic concepts and principles of physics, and to strengthen an understanding of the concepts and principles through a broad range of interesting applications to the real world. To meet these objectives, emphasis is placed on sound physical arguments and discussions of everyday experiences. At the same time, an attempt is made to motivate the student through practical examples that demonstrate the role of physics in other disciplines. Outline This course is designed to teach the student to: Introduction. 1. Perform unit conversions. 2. Distinguish between vector quantities and scalar quantities. 3. Understand and describe the basic properties of vectors such as the rules of vector addition and solutions for addition of vectors. 4. Resolve a vector into its rectangular components. Determine the magnitude and direction of a vector from rectangular components. 5. Understand the use of unit vectors and describe any vector in terms of its components. 6. Become familiar with the concept of force, its vector nature, and the technique of resolving a force into rectangular components. Kinematics (One-Dimensional). 1. Define the displacement and average velocity of a particle in motion. 2. Define the instantaneous velocity and understand how this quantity differs from average velocity. 3. Define average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration. 4. Construct position versus time and velocity versus time graphs for a particle in motion along a straight line. From these graphs, be able to determine both average and instantaneous values of velocity and acceleration. 3
5. Obtain the instantaneous velocity and instantaneous acceleration of a particle if the position is given as a function of time. 6. Recognize that the equations of kinematics apply when motion occurs under constant acceleration. 7. Describe what is meant by a body in "gravitational free fall". 8. Apply the equations of kinematics to any situation where the motion occurs under constant acceleration. Kinematics (Two-Dimensional). 1. Recognize that two-dimensional motion in the xy plane with constant acceleration is equivalent to two independent motions along the x and y directions with constant acceleration components a x and a y. 2. Discuss the assumptions used in describing projectile motion; that is, two-dimensional motion in the presence of gravity. 3. Apply the equations of kinematics to any projectile motion situation (under the constraint of constant acceleration). Force (Linear). 1. Discuss the concept of force and the effect of a net force on the motion of a body. 2. Distinguish between contact forces (such as the tension in a rope) and action-at-adistance forces (such as gravitational and electrostatic forces). 3. Write, in your own words, a description of Newton's three laws of motion, and give physical examples of each law. 4. Discuss the concepts of mass and inertia and understand the difference between mass (a scalar) and weight (a vector). 5. Become familiar with the SI unit for force (N) and mass (kg) and the relation of these units to the English units. 6. Realize that the equations of static and kinetic friction are empirical in nature (that is, based on observations), and recognize that the maximum force of static friction and the force of kinetic friction are both proportional to the normal force on a body. 7. Apply Newton's laws of motion to various mechanical systems using the recommended procedure discussed in the text and in class. Most importantly, identify all external forces acting on the system, draw the correct free-body diagrams that apply to each body of the system, and apply Newton's Second law, F = ma, in component form. Force (Radial). 1. Understand the nature of the acceleration of a particle moving in a circle with constant speed. 2. Describe the components of acceleration for a particle moving on a curved path, where both the magnitude and direction of the velocity are changing with time. 3. Apply Newton's Second law to uniform and nonuniform circular motion. 4. Discuss Newton's universal law of gravity and understand that it is an attractive force between two particles separated by a certain distance. Work and Energy. 1. Define the work done by a constant force, and realize that work is a scalar. 2. Take the scalar (or dot) product of any two vectors. 3. Recognize that the work done by a force can be positive, negative, or zero, and describe at least one example of each. 4. Define the kinetic energy of an object. 4
5. Define the gravitational potential energy of an object. 6. Understand the distinction between kinetic energy, potential energy, and total mechanical energy of a system. 7. Recognize the properties of conservative and nonconservative forces, and give examples of each. 8. State the law of conservation of mechanical energy, noting that mechanical energy is conserved only when conservative forces act on a system. This extremely powerful concept is most important in all areas of physics. 9. Account for nonconservative forces acting on a system using the work-energy theorem. In this case, the work done by all nonconservative forces equals the change in total mechanical energy of the system. 10. Define the concept of average power and instantaneous power. Momentum (Linear). 1. Understand the concept of linear momentum of a particle and the relation between the net force on a particle and the time rate of change of its momentum. 2. Recognize that the impulse of a force acting on a particle over some time interval equals the change in momentum of the particle, and understand the impulse approximation which is useful in treating collisions. 3. Recognize that the linear momentum of any isolated system is conserved, regardless of the nature of the force between the particles. 4. Describe and distinguish the two types of collisions that can occur between two particles, namely elastic and inelastic collisions. 5. Understand that conservation of linear momentum applies not only to head-on collisions (one- dimensional), but also to glancing collisions (two- and three-dimensional). For example, in two-dimensional collisions, the total momentum in the x and y directions is (independently) conserved. 6. Understand and describe the concept of center of mass as applied to a collection of particles or a rigid body. Rotational Motion. 1. Define the angular velocity and angular acceleration of a particle or body rotating about a fixed axis. 2. Recognize that if a body rotates about a fixed axis, every particle on the body has the same angular velocity and angular acceleration. 3. Note the similarity between the equations of rotational kinematics (constant a) and those of linear kinematics (constant a). 4. Describe and understand the relationships between tangent linear speed and angular speed (v = r ), and between tangent linear acceleration and angular acceleration (a = r ). 5. Describe the concept of rotational inertia (moment-of-inertia). 6. Calculate the moment of inertia I of a system of particles or a rigid body about a specific axis. Note that the value of I depends on the mass distribution about the axis. The parallel axis theorem is useful for calculating I about an axis parallel to one that goes through the center of mass. 7. Recognize that all the concepts involving linear motion have their corresponding translations to rotational motion. 8. Recognize the fact that the work-energy theorem as well as Newton's laws can be applied to a rotating rigid body. 5
9. Describe the rotational kinetic energy of a body rotating about a fixed center-of-mass axis. 10. Define the cross product of any two vectors. 11. Define the angular momentum L of a particle moving with a velocity v relative to a specified point, and the torque acting on the particle relative to that point. Note that L and are quantities that depend on the choice of the origin of the coordinate system, since each involves the position vector r (L = r x p and = r x F). 12. State the relationship between the net torque on a particle and the time rate of change of its angular momentum ( = dl/dt). Note that this is the rotational analog of Newton's second law, F = dp/dt. 13. Describe the total angular momentum of a system of particle and a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis. 14. Apply the conservation of angular momentum principle to a body rotating about a fixed axis, in which the moment of inertia changes due to a change in the mass distribution. Static Equilibrium. 1. Describe the two conditions necessary for static equilibrium of a rigid body. 2. Analyze problems of rigid bodies in static equilibrium using torques and force. Oscillatory Motion. 1. Describe the general characteristics of simple harmonic motion, and the significance of the various parameters that appear in the expression for the displacement versus time, x = A cos( t + ). 2. Start with the expression for the displacement versus time for the simple harmonic oscillator, and obtain equations for the velocity and acceleration as functions of time. 3. Describe and understand the conditions of simple harmonic motions executed by the mass-spring system (where the frequency depends on m and k) and the simple pendulum (where the frequency depends on L and g). 4. Apply energy principles to the simple harmonic oscillator, noting that total energy is conserved if one assumes there are no nonconservative forces acting on the system. Properties Of Matter. 1. Discuss the general properties of the three states of matter. 2. Describe the elastic properties of objects in terms of stress and strain. 3. Define the density of a substance and understand the concept of specific gravity (density relative to water). 4. Define pressure and apply the definition to solids and liquids. 5. Understand the origin of buoyant forces, state and explain Archimedes' principle, and be able to work problems involving buoyant forces. 6. State the simplifying assumptions of an ideal fluid moving with streamline flow. 7. State the equation of continuity and Bernoulli's equation for an ideal fluid in motion, and understand the physical significance of each equation. 8. Present a qualitative discussion of some applications of Bernoulli's equation, such as air lift and available energy from winds. Wave Motion. 1. State the requirements for the production of mechanical waves, namely, an elastic medium and an energy source. 2. Define the terms amplitude, frequency, and wavelength. 3. Define and give examples of transverse waves and longitudinal waves. 6
4. Explain the principle of superposition, and the conditions for constructive interference and destructive interference. 5. Make calculations which involve the relationships between wave speed and the inertial and elastic characteristics of a medium through which the disturbance is propagating. 6. Explain the conditions necessary for the production of standing waves. Sound. 1. Understand the basis of the logarithmic intensity scale (decibel scale). Determine the intensity ratio for two sound sources whose decibel levels are know. Calculate the decibel level for some combination of sources whose individual decibel levels are know. 2. Describe the various situations under which a Doppler shifted frequency is produced. Solve problems using the Doppler equation. 3. Calculate the fundamental mode frequencies for a string under tension, and for open and closed air columns. Temperature, Thermal Expansion, and Ideal Gases. 1. Understand the concepts of thermal equilibrium and thermal contact between two bodies. 2. Discuss some physical properties of substances which change with temperature, and the manner in which these properties are used to construct thermometers. 3. Describe the operation of the constant-volume gas thermometer and how it is used to define the ideal-gas temperature scale. 4. Convert between the various temperature scales, especially the conversion from degrees Celsius to degrees Kelvin. 5. Explain the cause of thermal expansion of solids and liquids. Define the linear expansion coefficient and volume expansion coefficient for an isotropic solid, and learn how to use these coefficients in practical situations involving thermal expansion and contraction. 6. Understand the properties of an ideal gas and the equation of state for an ideal gas. Be familiar with the conditions under which a real gas behaves like an ideal gas. 7. Recognize that the temperature of an ideal gas is proportional to the average molecular kinetic energy. 8. State and understand the assumptions made in developing the molecular model of an ideal gas. 9. Understand the meaning of the Maxwell speed distribution function, and recognize the differences between rms speed, average speed, and most probable speed. Heat. 1. Understand the concepts of internal thermal energy, heat, and thermodynamic processes. 2. Define and discuss the calorie, heat capacity (specific heat), and latent heat. 3. Provide a qualitative description of different types of phase changes which a substance may undergo, and the changes in energy which accompany such processes. 4. Discuss the possible mechanisms which can give rise to heat transfer between a system and its surroundings; that is, heat conduction, convection, and radiation, and give realistic examples of each heat transfer mechanism. 5. Solve various problems involving heat transfer from hot object to cold objects. Thermodynamics. 1. Understand how work is defined when a system undergoes a change in state, and that work (like heat) depends on the path taken by the system. Also, sketch processes on a PV graph, and calculate work using these diagrams. 2. State the First Law of Thermodynamics (Q = W + U) and explain the meaning of the three forms of energy contained in this statement. 7
3. Discuss the implications of the first law of thermodynamics as applied to an various systems and processes (such as, an isolated system, a cyclic process, an adiabatic process, and an isothermal process). 4. Calculate the work done when an ideal gas expands during an isothermal process. 5. Understand the basic principles of the operation of a heat engine, and be able to define and discuss the thermal efficiency of a heat engine. 6. State the second law of thermodynamics. 7. State the efficiency of a Carnot engine, and its importance in setting an upper limit for efficiency. 8. Discuss the concept of entropy, and give a thermodynamic definition of energy. Calculate the entropy change for certain processes. 9. Discuss the importance of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics as they apply to various forms of commercial energy conversions. IV. LEARNING OUTCOMES Educational Objective 1. Apply the kinematic equations and Newton's laws of motion to mechanical systems. 2. Apply the concepts of work and energy to mechanical systems. 3 Apply the concepts of momentum and impulse to mechanical systems involving the interactions of two objects. 4. Apply the kinematic equations and Newton's laws of motion to mechanical systems undergoing circular motion as well as the conditions for static equilibrium. 5. Apply the equations of Simple Harmonic Motion and wave motion to mechanical systems (including sound waves). 6. Apply the concepts of properties of materials (solid, liquid, and gas states of matter) to physical systems, including such ideas as pressure, density, Archimedes' Principle (buoyant force), and Bernoulli's principle. 7. Apply the equations for thermal expansion, specific heat, heat transfer, the Gas Law, and the Laws of Thermodynamics to thermodynamic systems. Method of Assessment chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 and Test 1 must be 70% or greater. chapters 6 and 7 and test 2 must be 70% or greater. chapter 8 and test 2 must be 70% or greater. chapters 10 and 11 and test 3 must be 70% or greater. chapters 12, 13, and 14 and test 4 must be 70% or greater. chapter 15 and test 4 must be 70% or greater. The average of homework grades for chapters 16, 17, and 18 and test 5 must be 70% or greater. 8