2008 24 33 326 33 Agrobacterium tumefaciens 2 2 %30 64 80 %2969 %5469 %563 Agrobacterium tumefaciens %625 Biovar I Biovar II %875 Biovar III %6875 Intermediate 2 3062
Agrobacterium tumefaciens Study of the Distribution of the Crown Gall Disease, Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Some Syrian Nurseries and Identifying the Biovars of the Pathogen Mahabah, G and M Abu Ghora 2 ABSTRACT Crown gall is one of the most important obstacles affecting many nurseries in Syria Field inspection indicated that crown gall disease occurs in various fruit tree nurseries in different Syrian governorates Al Qunetra, Hama, Homs and Daraa The disease incidence percentage ranged from 2 to 30% in Nabaa alfawwar, Trenja and Sayda nurseries Al Qunetra governorate and Tezeen nursery Hama governorate; however the disease was not found in Nahj nursery Daraa governorate nor in AlMokhtarea nursery Homs governorate One hundred and eighty bacterial isolates were obtained from infected fruit trees pear, peach, almond and plum The pathogenicity test on tomato seedlings and sunflower plants proved that only 64 isolates were pathogenic 2969% were pathogenic to tomato and sunflower; 563% to sunflower only and 563% infected tomato only The biochemical tests showed that 625% of the bacterial isolates belong to Biovar I and Biovar II, 875% were of Biovar III And 6875% belonged to an intermediate Biovar This is the first study that determind the Biovars of the pathogen and their pathogenicity in Syria Key words Crown gall, Biochemical tests, Biovar M Sc Student 2 Prof, Dept, Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, P O Box 3062, Damacus University, Syria 34
326 33 24 2008 Agrobacterium tumefaciens Smith & Townsend Conn Deng et al, 998 Moore et al, 988 De Cleene and De Ley, 39 98 Gelvin, 990 Moore et al, 988 Ficus benjamina Bouzar et al, 995 Burr and Otten, 999 973 A tumefaciens A rhizogenes A rubi Rubussp A larrymoorei A vitis A radiobacter Biovars A tumefaciens Biovars III Biovars II Biovars I Nester et al, 984 A vitis 25 TDNA Ti Nester et al, 984 IAA 35
Agrobacterium tumefaciens Gelvin, 2000 2003 2002 2004 2003 00 00 = Moore, 995 5 Yeast, Pepton, Glocose, Agar YPGA la Arabitol, NH 4 NO 3, KH 2 PO 4,K 2 HPO 4, MgSO 4, Sodium taurcholate, crystal violet, agar Erythritol, NH 4 NO 3, KH 2 PO 4, K 2 HPO 4, C, Sodium taurcholate, yeast extract, malachite green, agar 36
326 33 24 2008 Sodium tartrate, Dglutamic acid, Na 2 HPO 4, NaCl, MgSO 4, 7H 2 O, Sodium taurcholate, yeast extract, congo red, MnSO 4, 4H 2 O, agar 992 72 2 peptone, calcium PYDAC Brisbane and Kerr, 983 24 22 carbonate, yeast, agar 996 Lycopersicum Helianthus annus 30 25 esculentum 80 24 25 22 / 0 8 Tarbah and Goodman, 986 Suslow et al, 982 24 Kovacs, Hugh and Leifson, 953 / NaCl %2 956 Propionic Melezitose Erythritol 3Ketolactose acidmalonic acidtartaric acid Moore et al, 988 37
Agrobacterium tumefaciens» «38 Moore et al, 988 3 2 % NaCl Biovar I Biovar II Biovar III intermediate 2002 2003 %2 2003 2004 %30 2002 2003 % %3 %5 2003 2004 %5 %5 %40 %2 2002 2003 30 % 2003 2004 9 80 YPGA 5 72 25 75 2 3 53 52 57 2 50 YPGA 2 2 2DG YPGA 29 23 9 3 25 32 2 47 %4630 %482 %4286 %6
326 33 24 2008 64 6 %3556 3 2 3 F53, F57, F58, F622, F662, F66, F672, F603, F602, F653, F65 F52, F532, F59, F632, F60, F62, F6, F462, F542, F54 F64, F652 F25 F27, F222, F22, F233, F22 F23, F234, F26, F28 F373, F422, F352, F55, F56 F32, F342, F562 F34, F343, F35, F353, F37, F372, F38, F39, F402, F42, F323 F3, F4 F43, F3, F5, F46, F9, F0, F, F5, F92, F292 %667 %6469 %2969 %563 %8333 %50 %5 %5789 %4783 6 %4349 %870 %40 %2632 %379 39
Agrobacterium tumefaciens» «320 2 %59 %439 %6 YPGA 4 %2 NaCl 3 F3 F3 F43 F46 F9 YPGA F0 F F4 F5 F5 YPGA F92 F23 F234 F25 YPGA F26 F27 F28 F292 F323 F343 F34 F35 F353 F352 F37 F372 F373 F38 F39 F402 F42 F422
2008 24 33 326 32 %2 NaCl 3 F462 F52 F53 F532 F542 F54 F55 F56 F57 F58 F59 F60 F602 F6 F622 F632 F64 F65 F662 F66 F672 F652 F653 F603 F652 F22 F222 F22 F233 F32 F342 F62 5 7 Moore et al, 988
Agrobacterium tumefaciens %625 Fakhouri and Khlaif, 996 %875 Biovar II Biovar I BiovarIII %6875 %0 %5263 %60 %2632 %833 %6667 %667 Biovar II %30 %8696 %870 %435 %580 %526 Intemediate, Biovar III, Biovar II, Biovar I 5 % 6875 III F292, F0, F234, F28, F26 F353, F323, F43, F372, F562 F63, F65 %875 II I F4 F9 F25 F35, F39, F42 F37 F52 %625 %625 Agrobacterium tumefaciens Roberts and Boothroyd, 975 322
326 33 24 2008 YPGA Brisbane and Kerr, 983 Agrobacterium tumefaciens %6 6 / % 667 / 2 % 0 / % 2632 / 5 % 4383 / / % 50 / 5 % 579 / 3 % 870 / 2 / % 8333 / 0 % 40 / 4 % 5789 / % 4249 / 0 % 4783 %870 %8333 %0 %579 %4349 %5789 Knauf et al, 982 Ti 7 Intermediate % 6667 / 8 % 60 / 6 % 5263 / 0 % 8696 / 20 % 6875 / 44 III % 667 / 2 % 30 / 3 % 2632 / 5 % 870 / 2 %875 / 2 II % 833 / % 580 / 3 % 625 / 4 I % 833 / % 0 / % 226 / % 435 / % 625 / 4 323
Agrobacterium tumefaciens 35 9 %563 %8 De Cleen and De ley, 976 intermediate group Biovar 8 0 %5469 %2969 Biovar III Biovar II I 8 % 50 / 2 25 / 833 / 3409 / 5 % 833 / 2045 / 9 % 50 / 2 75 / 3 8333 / 0 4545 / 20 I II III Intermediate 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 %3 %5 %9 %5 %40 %23 % %5 %8 % 2 % 30 % 6 2003 2002 2004 2003 324
326 33 24 2008 REFERENCES 992 996 Al Karablieh, N and Khlaif, H 2002 Occurrence and distribution of crown gall disease in Jordan fruit trees PhytopathologiaMediterranea 43 226234 Bouzar, H; Chilton, W S; Neseme, X; Dessaux, Y; Vaudquin, V; Petit, A; Jones, J B and Hodge, N C 995 A new Agrobacterium strain isolated from aerial tumors on Ficus benjamina L Appl Envi Micro 6 6573 Brisbane, P G and Kerr, A 983 Selective media fod three biobars of Agrobacterium J of Applied Bacteriology 54 425 43 Burr, T J and Otten, L 999 Crown gall of grape biology and disease management AnnuRevPhytopathology37 53 80 De Cleene, M and De Ley, J 976 The host range of crown gall Biotanical Review, 42 4 389 466 Deng, W; Chen, L; Wood, D; Metcalfe, T; Liang, X; Gordon, M; Comai, L and Nester, E 998 Agrobacterium Vir D2 protein interacts with plant host cyclophilins Microbiology 952 70407045 Fakhouri, W D and Khlaif, H 996 Biocontrol of crown gall disease in Jordan Agricultural Sciences 33 7 22 Gelvin, S B 990 Crown gall disease and hairy root disease Plant Physiol 92 28 285 Gelvin, S B 2000 Agrobacterium and plant genes involved in TDNA transfer and integration AnnulRev Plant Physiology Plant Mol Biol 5223 256 Hugh, R and Leifson, E 953 The taxonomic significance of fermentative versus oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates by various gramnegative bacteria J of Bacteriology 6624 26 Knauf, V C; Panagopoulos, C G; Nester, E W 982 Genetic factors controlling the host range of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Phytobathology 72 545 549 Kovacs, N 956 Identification of Pseudomonas pyocyanea by the oxidas reaction Nature 78 703 Moore, L W, Kado, C I, Bouzar, H 988 Agrobacterium In Laboratory guide for identification of plant pathogenic bacteria, 2 nd ed, ed Sachaad, N W, pp 6 36 Minneapolis APSPress Moore, L W 995 Detection of Agrobacterium species In Detection of bacteria in seed and other planting material, 2 nd ed, ed Saettler, A W, Schaad, N W, Roth, DA, pp 085 APS Press Oregon State University Corvalis, Oregon USA 325
Agrobacterium tumefaciens Nester, E W; Gordon, P M; Amasino, R and Yanofsky, M 984 Crown gall A Molecular and Physiological Analysis Ann Rev Plant Pathology 35 387 43 Roberts, D A and Boothroyd, C W 975 Fundamental plant pathology W H Freeman and combanypp 203 205 Suslow, T V; Schrot, H M and Isalca, M 982 Application of a rapid method for gram differentiation of plant pathogenic and saprophytic bacteria without staining Phytopathology 72797 98 Tarbah, F A and Goodman, R N 986 Rapid detection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in grapevine propagation material and the basis for an efficient indexing system Plant disease70566 559 Received 2006 /04/ 06 Accepted for Publ 2006 /05/ 28 326