Name: ate: 1. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the Earth Science Reference Tables, the diagram below, and your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram shows a cross section of the bedrock where the Niagara River flows over Niagara Falls. 3. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the Earth Science Reference Tables, the geologic cross section of bedrock shown below, and your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section shows bedrock exposed along part of the Genesee River in New York State. The rock has not been overturned. Which kind of rock in this formation appears to be least resistant to weathering. dolomite. shale. limestone. sandstone 2. The end product of the weathering of gabbro or basalt rocks is a solution of dissolved material that most likely would contain high amounts of. iron and magnesium. magnesium and potassium. aluminum and iron. aluminum and potassium Which rock layers in this formation appear to be the most resistant to weathering?. shales. gypsum. dolostones. salt page 1
4. Which climate conditions normally produce the greatest amount of chemical weathering? 7. The accompanying diagram shows two landscape regions with similar bedrock type and structure.. cool and dry. cool and moist. warm and dry. warm and moist Which statement best explains why these two landscape regions are different in appearance? 5. Which type of climate has the greatest amount of rock weathering caused by frost action?. a dry climate in which temperatures remain below freezing. a dry climate in which temperatures alternate from below freezing to above freezing. Landscape formed in a humid region, and landscape formed in a dry region.. Landscape formed in a humid region, and landscape formed in a glaciated region.. Landscape formed in a dry region, and landscape formed in a glaciated region.. Landscape formed in a dry region, and landscape formed in a humid region.. a wet climate in which temperatures remain below freezing. a wet climate in which temperatures alternate from below freezing to above freezing 6. Which observation would be most difficult to measure? 8. The accompanying diagram shows what happens to a rock within a stream s erosional-depositional system as time passes.. the amount that Mt. Marcy weathers during one year. the change in volume of Kaaterskill reek. the daily change in water elevation from high to low tides of the Hudson River at atskill, New York Which process of change is best represented by the sequence shown in the diagram?. deposition. metamorphism. condensation. weathering. the angle of insolation at noon in lbany, New York, from March 21 to June 21 page 2
9. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the 2001 edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables, the geologic cross section below, and your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section shows the rock structure of a region of Earth s crust. Letters ital through H are rock units. Lines J-J and K-K are interfaces within the cross section. Rock layers,, and have not been overturned. 11. The accompanying diagram shows granite bedrock with cracks. Water has seeped into the cracks and frozen. The arrows represent the directions in which the cracks have widened due to weathering. Which statement best describes the physical weathering shown by the diagram? Which rocks appear to be most resistant to weathering and erosion under present climate conditions?. and G. and. and F. and E. Enlargement of the cracks occurs because water expands when it freezes.. This type of weathering occurs only in bedrock composed of granite.. The cracks become wider because of chemical reactions between water and the rock.. This type of weathering is common in regions of primarily warm and humid climates. 10. Which geologic feature is caused primarily by chemical weathering?. large caves in limestone bedrock. a pattern of parallel cracks in a granite mountain. blocks of basalt at the base of a steep slope. the smooth, polished surface of a rock in a dry, sandy area page 3
12. The diagram shows a stream flowing past points X and Y. If the velocity of the stream at point X is 100 centimeters per second, which statement best describes the sediments being transported past these points? 14. Unsorted, angular, rough-surfaced cobbles and boulders are found at the base of a cliff. What most likely transported these cobbles and boulders?. running water. wind. gravity. ocean currents. t points X and Y, only clay is being transported.. t points X and Y, only sand, silt, and clay are being transported.. Some pebbles being transported at point Y are bigger than those being transported at point X.. Some pebbles and cobbles are being transported at points X and Y, but not sand, silt, or clay. 15. The diagram below represents a naturally occurring geologic process. Which process is best illustrated by the diagram? 13. Which activity demonstrates chemical weathering?. freezing of water in the cracks of a sandstone sidewalk. cementation. erosion. metamorphism. weathering. abrasion of a streambed by tumbling rocks. grinding of talc into a powder. dissolving of limestone by acid rain page 4
16. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the flowchart below, which shows a general overview of the processes and substances involved in the weathering of rocks at Earth s surface. Letter X represents an important substance involved in both major types of weathering, labeled and on the flowchart. Some weathering processes are defined below the flowchart. 18. Which event is an example of chemical weathering?. rocks falling off the face of a steep cliff. feldspar in granite being crushed into clay-sized particles. water freezing in cracks in a roadside outcrop. acid rain reacting with limestone bedrock efinitions Frost action the breakup of rocks caused by the expansion of substance X brasion the wearing down of rocks or particles as they rub or bounce against other rocks Exfoliation the peeling away of large sheets of loosened material at the surface of a rock Hydrolysis the change in a material caused by contact with substance X arbonation the change in a material caused by contact with carbonic acid Which term best identifies the type of weathering represented by? 19. The diagram below shows an outcrop of different layers of sandstone in a region receiving heavy rainfall.. physical. biological. chemical. glacial 17. Which weathering process is most common in a hot, dry environment? Which sandstone layer appears to be the least resistant to weathering?..... abrasion. carbonation. frost action. hydrolysis page 5
20. The formation of soil is primarily the result of. stream erosion and mass movement 22. The diagram below shows a meandering stream. Measurements of stream velocity were taken along straight line.. stream deposition and runoff. precipitation and wind erosion. weathering and biological activity Which graph best shows the relative stream velocities across the stream from to?.. 21. The block diagram below shows a part of the eastern coastline of North merica. Points,, and are reference points along the coast... Which list best represents the primary processes occurring along the coastline at points,, and?. folding; subduction; crosscutting. weathering; erosion; deposition. faulting; conduction; mass movement. precipitation; infiltration; evaporation page 6
23. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the Earth Science Reference Tables, the diagram below, and your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents a laboratory stream table. 25. When stream volume increases after the faucet is opened, stream velocity will. decrease. increase. remain the same Which equation should be used to determine the gradient of the stream?. gradient = height of faucet above the floor (cm) water discharge from the tube (m 3 /sec). gradient = falling distance of runoff water (cm) volume of water collected in pan (ml) 26. The diagram below is a map view of a stream flowing through an area of loose sediments. rrows show the location of the strongest current.. gradient = volume of water in the stream between points and (ml) height of the wood block (cm). gradient = difference in elevation between points and (cm) distance between points and (m) Which stream profile best represents the cross section from to?.. 24. Which particles are transported most easily by the water in this stream?... clay. sand. silt. pebbles page 7
27. The diagram below shows a hand sized rock sample with parallel sets of grooves. This rock sample was found in a gravel bank in central New York State. 29. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the Earth Science Reference Tables, the diagram below, and your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the landscape features associated with a meandering stream. Points W, X, Y, and Z are locations along the stream bank. The grooves were most likely caused by. stream erosion. wind erosion. a landslide. glacial erosion t which location is erosion greatest?. W. X. Y. Z 28. The diagram below represents a landscape area. 30. Which graph shows how the changes in stream discharge usually affect stream velocity?.. The main valley in this landscape area resulted mostly from... chemical weathering. volcanic activity. glacial erosion. stream erosion page 8
31. Unsorted piles of angular sediments were most likely transported and deposited by. wind. glaciers. ocean waves. running water 34. group of students observed and measured various characteristics of a stream for one day. Which statement about the stream is most likely an inference?. The stream water is dark brown.. The water level of the stream will rise after the next rainfall.. The velocity of the stream is greatest near the outside of a meander.. The stream s depth is different at various distances from the streambank. 32. Which statement best describes the conditions existing at a stream location where the erosional-depositional system is in dynamic equilibrium?. More erosion than deposition takes place. More deposition than erosion takes place. Equal amounts of erosion and deposition take place 35. The accompanying diagram shows a portion of a stream.. No erosion or deposition takes place 33. decrease in a river s velocity will most likely result in more The sand bars formed as a direct result of. erosion by the river. deposition within the river. large particles being carried by the river. dissolved material being picked up by the river. erosion due to a decrease in stream velocity. erosion due to an increase in stream velocity. deposition due to a decrease in stream velocity. deposition due to an increase in stream velocity page 9
36. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below. The diagram shows an outcrop of bedrock at the northern edge of the dirondack Mountains in New York State. 38. Which condition causes glaciers to retreat?. They encounter the ocean.. The crust beneath them is uplifted.. Earth s average temperature decreases.. Their rate of melting exceeds their rate of advancing. The unconformity shown in the diagram was created by. an increase in temperature and pressure. a climate change from hot to cold. a long period of uplift and erosion, followed by deposition. volcanic activity at a plate boundary 39. Which statement provides the best evidence that New York State s Finger Lakes formed as a result of continental glaciation?. The lake surfaces are above sea level.. The lakes fill long, narrow U-shaped valleys.. The lakes are partially filled with sorted beds of sediment.. The lakes are surrounded by sharp, jagged peaks and ridges. 37. What is the best evidence that a glacial erratic has been transported?. It is located at a high elevation in a mountainous area.. It is less than 25 centimeters in diameter.. Its composition is different from that of the bedrock under it.. It appears to have been intensely metamorphosed. 40. Many north-to-south elongated hills are found scattered across New York State. These hills contain a mixture of unsorted sediments of all sizes. by which agent probably formed these hills?. wind. waves. streams. glaciers page 10
41. The accompanying cross section illustrates the general sorting of sediment by a river as it flows from a mountain to a plain. 42. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the map below, which shows a portion of a stream in New York State that flows southward. Letters through E represent locations in the stream. Line XY is the location of a cross section. Which factor most likely caused the sediment to be sorted in the pattern shown?. velocity of the river water. hardness of the surface bedrock. mineral composition of the sediment. temperature of the water Where this stream s velocity decreases from 300 to 200 centimeters per second, which size sediment will be deposited?. cobbles. sand. silt. clay 43. omplete the table below, by listing three agents of erosion and identifying one characteristic surface feature formed by each agent of erosion. gent of Erosion (1) (2) (3) Surface Feature Formed page 11
44. What is the minimum water velocity needed in a stream to maintain the transportation of the smallest boulder?. 100 cm/sec. 200 cm/sec. 300 cm/sec. 500 cm/sec 47. Trees growing on the edge of a river s meander are most likely to fall into the river due to. deposition on the inside of the meander. deposition on the outside of the meander. erosion on the inside of the meander. erosion on the outside of the meander 45. Which event is the best example of erosion?. breaking apart of shale as a result of water freezing in a crack. dissolving of rock particles on a limestone gravestone by acid rain. rolling of a pebble along the bottom of a stream 48. landslide is an example of. river deposition. glacial scouring. mass movement. chemical weathering. crumbling of bedrock in one area to form soil 49. The accompanying diagram shows the sequence of events leading to the deposition of landslide debris. 46. Which agent of erosion is mainly responsible for the formation of the depressions occupied by both the kettle lakes and finger lakes found in New York State?. wind. waves. streams. glaciers What was the primary force that caused this landslide?. gravity. moving ice. prevailing winds. stream discharge page 12
50. Which agent of erosion most likely formed the drumlins and finger lakes in New York State? 52. Photographs and below show two different valleys.. running water. moving ice. wave action. mass movement Photograph Photograph Which list best identifies the agent of erosion that primarily determined the shape of each valley?. photograph glacier; photograph river. photograph river; photograph glacier. both photographs river 51. The photograph below shows a sandstone butte in an arid region.. both photographs glacier 53. The cross section below represents the transport of sediments by a glacier. Which agents of erosion are currently changing the appearance of this butte?. glaciers and mass movement. wave action and running water. wind and mass movement. running water and glaciers t which location is deposition most likely the dominant process?.... page 13
54. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the Earth Science Reference Tables, the profile shown below, and your knowledge of Earth science. The profile shows the pattern of horizontal sorting produced at a particular time when a sediment-laden stream enters the ocean. 55. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the Earth Science Reference Tables and your knowledge of Earth science. The accompanying map shows the sizes of sediments dposited in different locations within a stream and lake. sample of sediments taken from one location consists mostly of particles that are approximately 0.4 centimeter in diameter. eposition of these sediments occurs when a stream enters the ocean because the stream current. decreases in width. decreases in kinetic energy. increases in potential energy. increases in velocity From which location was the sample most likely collected?.... page 14
56. The accompanying diagram shows rock material being transported by a mountain glacier. 58. Where is the most deposition likely to occur?. on the side of a sand dune facing the wind. at the mouth of a river, where it enters an ocean. at a site where glacial ice scrapes bedrock. at the top of a steep slope in a streambed The moraine deposits left when this glacier melts will generally be. sorted by size and layered. sorted by size and unlayered. unsorted by size and layered. unsorted by size and unlayered 57. Large deposits of rock gypsum and rock salt usually form in areas of. active volcanoes. continental ice sheets. fault zones in the crust. shallow evaporating seas page 15
59. ase your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the cross section and data table shown below. The cross section shows a sediment-laden river flowing into the ocean. The arrows show the direction of river flow. ifferent zones of sorted sediments,,,, and, have been labeled. Sediments have been taken from these zones and measured. The data table shows the range of sediment sizes in each zone. 60. Which change at a particular location in a stream usually causes more sediments to be deposited at that location?. decrease in stream velocity. decrease in stream width. increase in stream slope. increase in stream discharge Zone ata Table Major Sediment Sizes 0.04 cm to 6 cm 0.006 cm to 0.1 cm 0.0004 cm to 0.006 cm Less than 0.0004 cm How is this pattern of horizontal sorting produced?. High-density materials generally settle more slowly.. Rounded sediments generally settle more slowly.. issolved minerals are generally deposited first.. igger particles are generally deposited first. page 16
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Teacher s Key Page 2 41. 42. 43. gent of Erosion Surface Feature Formed Waves Wind Glacier Running water (streams) Mass movement beach, sandbars, barrier islands loss of topsoil, dunes U-shaped valley, moraines, drumlins V-shaped valley, deltas, meanders landslides, slumps 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.