Chemistry 242 Organic Chemistry II Spring Term 2012 Dr. Williams (309 Zurn, ex 2386) Web Page: http://math.mercyhurst.edu/~jwilliams/ jwilliams@mercyhurst.edu (or just visit Department web site and look for Dr. Williams!) Lecture: Monday, Wednesday, Friday 9:40-11:10 (Zurn 313) Required Material: Organic Chemistry: John McMurry (5th Ed. or later, Thomson, Brooks/Cole) ISBN: 534-38999-6) Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/intro1.htm Course Objectives: Upon successful completion of this course the student should be able to: 1. Use the IUPAC system of nomenclature and parts of the common naming system. 2. Interpret reactions using appropriate mechanisms. 3. Predict the products of chemical reactions relating to topics covered. 4. Write chemical reactions as demonstrated by the use of synthesis problems. 5. Use spectroscopy methods to aid in the interpretation of molecular structure as a result of lecture and laboratory study. 6. Be able to predict nmr spectra of simple 7. Be able to interpret nmr, ir and mass spectral data and draw possible structures corresponding to this interpretation. 8. Have an understanding of the theory of ftnmr, ftir and gcms. Content Outline & Competencies: I. Structure Determination by Spectroscopy A. Mass spectroscopy 1. Use mass spectroscopy data to interpret molecular structure. 2. Interpret mass spectral fragmentation patterns. 3. Use mass spectra to determine molecular weights and base peaks and to distinguish between hydrocarbons. 4. Write molecular formulas corresponding to a given molecular ion. B. Infrared spectroscopy 1. Identify the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum used for infrared spectroscopy. 2. Relate energy, frequency and wavelength for electromagnetic radiation to infrared spectroscopy. 3. Interpret infrared spectra relating to functional groups in 4. Interpret infrared spectra for hydrocarbons. C. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 1. Describe how NMR signals are obtained. 2. Interpret chemical shift patterns relating to chemical structure. 3. Interpret 1H NMR peak areas using integration techniques in relationship to proton counting. 4. Use spin-spin splitting of 1H NMR signals to interpret molecular structure in 5. Relate and use the number of 1H NMR absorptions to proton equivalency in a molecule. 6. Relate and use chemical shifts in 1H NMR spectroscopy to determine chemical structure in organic molecules. 7. Use 1H NMR spectra to determine the chemical structure of a compound.
8. Interpret 13C NMR spectroscopy relating to functional groups in 9. State the uses of 1H NMR spectra. II. Benzene and Aromaticity 1. State sources of aromatic hydrocarbons. 2. Name by IUPAC and draw structures for aromatic compounds. 3. Recognize and be able to use the names and structures for toluene, phenol, aniline, acetophenone, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid. 4. Explain how Kekule accounted for the unusual properties of benzene. 5. Use thermodynamic data to show that benzene is more stable than the hypothetical compound 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene. 6. Compare the reactivity of benzene to cyclohexene. 7. List the four postulates of resonance theory. 8. Use molecular orbital (MO) theory to describe the bonding in benzene and other aromatic compounds. 9. Relate aromaticity to Huckel's rule and MO theory. 10. Predict aromaticity of heterocylic compounds. 11. Predict aromaticity of ions. 12. Describe the bonding in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 13. Identify the spectroscopic regions of the IR for aromatic compounds for use in structural determination of 14. Apply the theory of resonance to show the unusual stability of the allyl radical and other conjugated pi-bonded species. 15. Explain the unusual stability of the allyl radical and other conjugated pi-bonded species in terms of molecular orbital theory. 16. Compare and contrast kinetic and thermodynamic control of 1,2- and 1,4-addition reactions of conjugated dienes. III. Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 1. Draw and explain the general mechanism for electrophilic aromatic substitution. 2. Predict the products and/or write mechanisms for electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions studied. 3. Use the above listed reactions in synthesis. 4. Explain how substituents affect the reactivity of aromatic rings. 5. Discuss ortho-para and meta directors, giving some characteristics and examples of each. 6. Predict the orientation of incoming groups in disubstituted benzene rings. 7. Predict the orientation of incoming groups in trisubstituted benzene rings. 8. Recognize the conditions necessary for nucleophilic aromatic substitution to occur. 9. Draw and explain the addition-elimination mechanism and the elimination-addition mechanism in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. 10. Use oxidation reactions of aromatic compounds. 11. Use reduction reactions of aromatic compounds. 12. Identify the difference in reactivity between the aromatic ring and a substituted side-chain in oxidation and radical bromination reactions. 13. Use the reactions learned for electrophilic aromatic substitution to work synthesis problems. IV. Alcohols and Thiols 1. Name by IUPAC and draw structures for alcohols. 2. Identify sources and uses of simple alcohols. 3. Compare the physical properties of alcohols to alkanes and alkyl halides. 4. Show how to use acid-base reactions to prepare alkoxide ions. 5. Show how alcohols are prepared from alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, esters and carboxylic acids. 6. Prepare alcohols from reduction of carbonyl groups.
7. Show how the Grignard reaction can be used to make primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols. 8. Describe the limitations of the use of the Grignard reaction in synthesis or organic compounds. 9. Show how alkenes, alkyl halides and tosylates can be prepared from alcohols. 10. Show how alcohols may be oxidized to carbonyl compounds. 11. Use the alcohol reactions studied in synthesis reactions. 12. Discuss the use of protecting groups in organic synthesis. 13. Identify the spectroscopic regions of the IR for use in structural determination of 14. Describe the similarities of thiols to alcohols. V. Ethers, Epoxides and Sulfides 1. Name by IUPAC and draw structures for ethers. 2. Compare the physical properties of ethers to alkanes of comparable molecular weights. 3. Describe the industrial preparation of ethers. 4. Prepare ethers via the Williamson ether synthesis. 5. Prepare ethers via alkoxymercuration-demercuration of alkenes. 6. Predict the products formed in an acid-induced cleavage of an ether. 7. Name cyclic ethers: epoxides. 8. Show by equations how epoxides are produced. 9. Show the mechanism and predict the product formed (with correct stereochemistry) in the acid-catalyzed and base-catalyzed ring opening reactions of epoxides. 10. Use the ether and epoxide reactions studied in synthesis. 11. Discuss the use of crown ethers in organic synthesis. 12. Identify the Spectroscopic regions of the IR for ethers and epoxides for use in structural determination of 13. Describe the similarities of sulfides to ethers. VI. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions 1. Compare the physical properties of aldehydes and ketones to alkanes and alcohols of comparable molecular weights. 2. Name by IUPAC and draw structures for aldehydes and ketones. 3. Recognize and use the following common names: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and ketones. 4. Show the general mechanism for nucleophilic addition at the carbonyl group. 5. Show by equations the preparation of aldehydes and ketones. 6. Show by reactions how aldehydes and ketones react with oxidizing and reducing agents. 7. Predict the products of nucleophilic addition reactions with a variety of reagents studied for aldehydes and ketones. 8. Use the above listed reactions in synthesis. 9. Identify the spectroscopic regions of the IR for aldehydes and ketones for use in structural determination of VII. Carboxylic Acids 1. Name by IUPAC and draw structures for both mono and dicarboxylic acids. 2. Recognize and use the following common names: formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid and oxalic acid. 3. Discuss the structure and physical properties of carboxylic acids. 4. Discuss the acidity of carboxylic acids and the factors that affect the stability of the carboxylate anion. 5. Discuss substituent effects on acidity of benzoic acids and substituted benzoic acids. 6. Show by equations the preparation of carboxylic acids. 7. Predict the products of reactions of carboxylic acids. 8. Predict the products of reduction of carboxylic acids to primary alcohols. 9. Use the carboxylic reactions studied in synthesis. 10. Identify the spectroscopic regions of the IR for carboxylic acids for use in structural determination of
VIII. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions 1. Name by IUPAC convention and draw structures for acid halides, acid anhydrides, amides, esters and nitriles. 2. Recognize and use the following common names: acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, acetamide and acetonitrile. 3. Show the general mechanism for nucleophilic acyl substitution. 4. Predict the products of carboxylic acid derivative reactions. 5. Predict the products of nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives studied and be able to use those reactions in synthesis problems. 6. Use the carboxylic acid derivative reactions studied in synthesis. 7. Identify the spectroscopic regions of the IR for carboxylic acid derivatives for use in structural determination of IX. Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions 1. Show keto-enol tautomerism in carbonyl compounds. 2. Show how tautomerism differs from resonance. 3. Illustrate the mechanism of alpha-substitution reactions. 4. Predict the products of carbonyl alpha-substitution reactions studied and be able to use those reactions in synthesis. 5. Describe the acidity of alpha-hydrogen atoms: enolate ion formation. 6. Predict the reactivity of enolate ions. X. Carbonyl Condensation Reactions 1. Show the general mechanism of carbonyl condensation reactions. 2. Predict the products of condensation reactions of aldehydes and ketones: the aldol reaction. 3. Describe the difference of carbonyl condensation reactions versus alpha-substitution reactions. 4. Identify aldol products. 5. Identify mixed aldol products. 6. Identify intramolecular aldol products. 7. Predict the products of reactions studied that are similar to the aldol condensation reaction. 8. Use the condensation reactions studied in synthesis. XI. Aliphatic Amines 1. Name by IUPAC and draw structures for amines. 2. Discuss structure and bonding in amines. 3. Relate physical properties of amines to structure. 4. Discuss basicity of amines in terms of their structure. 5. Compare the basicity of amines to amides. 6. State industrial sources and uses of alkylamines. 7. Show by equations reactions of amines. 8. Use reactions to synthesize amines. 9. Identify the spectroscopic regions of the IR for amines for use in structural determination of organic molecules. XII. Arylamines and Phenols 1. Explain why alkyl amines are more basic than arylamines. 2. Show how to prepare arylamines. 3. Predict the products of reactions of arylamines. 4. Use the replacement reactions of arenediazonium salts in synthesis.
5. Show how diazonium salts can be used in coupling reactions. 6. State industrial uses of phenols. 7. Explain the acidity of phenols in terms of their structure. 8. Show by reactions the preparation of phenols. 9. Predict the products of reactions of phenols. 10. Use reactions of phenols to solve synthesis problems. 11. Recognize the spectroscopic regions of the IR for arylamines and phenols for use in structural determination of Caveats: 1. Computer Literacy Expectations: Students will need basic word processing and Internet searching skills for the completion of some papers, exercises and projects. 2. Students entering physical science classes should be aware that they may be in close contact with potentially hazardous chemicals and equipment. Student must assume responsibility in conducting himself or herself in a manner to minimize such hazards. Methods of Evaluation of Competencies: Evaluation of student mastery of course competencies will be accomplished using the following methods: All exams will be taken in class (no take home exams will be given) Exam #1, #2, Final Exam 300 pts. Total. Bonus 4 %. Grading Scale: A = 93% 100% B+ = 89% 92.9%: B = 80% - 88.9%: C+ = 77 79.9%: C = 70% - 76.9%: D+ = 65% - 69.9%: D = 60% 64.9%: F = 0 59.9%: Office Hours: TBA Class Attendance: I will take attendance for about ten to twenty classes, so each class is worth between 0.2% and 0.1% Notice: Bonus Points This is a % in that they are added to your total %. For example: A student attends all classes for a total of 4% Bonus. If the total from exams for this student where 87% the course grade would be calculated as 87% + 4% = 91%. So the final grade would be a B+. With no bonus points the grade would have been a B. Notes: 1. Missed exams count ZERO points, NO make-up exams. 2. If you have a question about your final grade you should see me as soon as possible. Exams and records are only kept for a period of 2 months after final grades are distributed. 3. If you are a student with a disability, and if you will be requesting accommodations, it is your responsibility to contact the Director of the Learning Differences Program. The Learning Differences Office will recommend any appropriate accommodations to your professor and his/her director. The professor and director will identify for you which accommodations will be arranged. Mercyhurst College provides a range of services to allow persons with disabilities to participate in educational programs and activities. If you desire support services contact the office of Learning Differences (814) 824-2450. The Learning Differences Office is located in room 314 Main.
Tentative Lecture Outline DATE TOPIC TEXT CHAPTER March 5,7,9 Organic I Review FTIR, FTNMR, MS Chapter 12,13 March 12,14,16 Conjugated Dienes and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Chapter 14 Benzene and Aromaticity Chapter 15 March 19,21,23* Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Chapter 16 Alcohols and Phenols Chapter 17 March 26,28,30 Ethers, Epoxides, and Sulfides Chapter 18 Aldehydes and Ketones Chapter 19 April 2,4 Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles Chapter 20 April 6-9 No Class Easter Break April 11,13* Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Chapter 21 April 16,18,20 Carbonyl Alpha Substitution Reactions Chapter 22 April 23,25,27 Carbonyl Condensation Reactions Chapter 23 April 30, May 2,4 Amines Chapter 24 May 7,9,11 Carbohydrates Chapter 25 See Final Exam Schedule for Time and Date of Final Exam *Tentative Exam Dates