Advances in Environmental Biology

AENSI Journals Advances in Environmental Biology ISSN-1995-0756 EISSN-1998-1066 Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/aeb/ Pplication of Principal Analysis Component and Mobility of Heavy Metals in Mine Settling Ponds Nickel Laterite, Konawe North, Southeast Sulawesi Adi Tonggiroh Geochemistry LBE, Geology Engineering Hasanuddin University A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received 26 September 2014 Received in revised form 20 November 2014 Accepted 25 December 2014 Available online 10 January 2015 Keywords: heavy metals, sedimentation ponds, principal compnent analysis (statistical main component) A B S T R A C T Study contaminants settling ponds as aspects of environmental geochemistry and distribution of heavy metals contained about nickel mining methods which require mobility refers to the correlation of heavy metals, water circulation and sedimentation ponds. Nickel ore located in Southeast Sulawesi including laterite nickel deposit formed from ultramafic rock peridotite laterisasi. Laterisasi form a layer of limonite, saprolite with levels of Ni, Fe, Co, Cr is higher than the source peridotite ultramafic rocks. This layer is exposed at the surface thus making applying nickel ore open pit methods. This method causes the layer changes limonite, saprolite and ultramafic rock peridotite becomes irregular, and become loose material. Change material layer and the discharge will affect the stability of the mobility of heavy metals Ni, Fe, Co, Cr is distributed following the transport medium. One way to determine the geochemical distribution of heavy metals arising from mining activities is the availability of nickel laterite settling ponds that serves to accommodate the potential for loose material transport are generally sized sand, clay and silt. This paper aims to analyze the changes in the mobility of the elements Ni, Fe, Co, Cr by applying statistical methods of principal component analysis of ICP and XRF data obtained from samples of settling ponds and laterisasi peridotite ultramafic rocks. The results showed that the mobility of heavy metals Ni is relatively slow compared to Fe, Co, Cr on laterisasi rock peridotite. The concentration of Fe, Cr earlier formed as Fe (OH) 3 and ferrochrome (FeCr2O3) compared to Ni, Co in settling ponds. 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved. To Cite This Article: Adi Tonggiroh, Pplication of Principal Analysis Component and Mobility of Heavy Metals in Mine Settling Ponds Nickel Laterite, Konawe North, Southeast Sulawesi. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(22), 501-506, 2014 INTRODUCTION Environmental geochemical studies include aspects of the chemical composition of the sediment layer deposition, chemical process cycles, the reaction changes the composition of rocks and soil, which is influenced by factors controller. Settling ponds are land discharges the material reservoir and surface water flow caused by mining activities. Settling ponds very important role in the production of its main mining geochemical monitoring of the transport of heavy metals, the other reason that the transport properties of heavy metals impaired mobility mechanism which is influenced by the flow of ground water and surface water. Systematics of the application of the open pit lateritic nickel deposit made on limonite or saprolite layer, causing impaired mobility in the compound or element geochemistry of laterites. Nickel laterite mining products will cause the correlation distribution of heavy metals and geochemical aspects of the environment in settling ponds. Heavy metals are elements with high molecular weight and generally toxic to plants and animals, including the human body [4]. Heavy metal accumulation is an element or a compound formed from the nickel ore mining process may consist of the waste material rock and laterite soil. This waste material is undermined, resulting in dissolution of clay and silt size which subsequently undergo a process of erosion followed the water activity. Stream erosion as a medium-sized transport the waste material delivers a very smooth which is connected to the settling ponds. Study the distribution of metals Cr, Fe, Mn and Co performed on settling ponds (settling pond)-dimensional cube with a relatively flat contour in order to facilitate the flow of water in and out. Administratively, location research went Motui Regional District of North Konawe Sawa Southeast Sulawesi (Figure 1). Corresponding Author: Adi Tonggiroh Geochemistry LBE, Geology Engineering Hasanuddin University E-mail: adi_tonggiroh@yahoo.co.id

502 Adi Tonggiroh, 2014 Methods: Correlation parameters laterite heavy metals Cr, Fe, Mn, Co and laterisasi closely related to ultramafic rocks, it is easy for the assay data processing and properties of an element geochemistry.this of course requires a statistical determination of multicollinearity of independent variables, and factor analysis can be used to minimize multicollinearity with data processing techniques principal component analysis method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Mineralogy: Petrographic: The results of petrographic observations (IQ-B1, IQ-B2, B3-IQ, IQ-B4) shows the mineral content, as follows: olivine (20% - 35%), pyroxene (5% - 20%), Minerals opaque (5% ), a mass basis (40% - 70%), the name: peridotite (Figure 2). Mineragraphy: Results of analyzes on samples polished slice of fresh ultramafic rocks are known mineral hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ), chromite (Fe 2 Cr 2 O 4 ), Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and serpentine (Mg 6 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 8 ) (Figure 3). Distribution Of Heavy Metal: Settling ponds is container sourced accumulation of heavy metals in surface runoff and seepage wall. This will result in differences in the distribution of values in each settling ponds are made in series to follow the contour. Validation Data: Test Data Ni, Fe, Co, Cr by the method of Bartlett's test of spericity known is 82.507, with 6 degrees of freedom, and p = value (sig) of 0.000. then there is a correlation metals Ni, Fe, Co and Cr and ultramafic rocks and settling ponds. Mobility in Laterisasi: Analysis of the transformation matrix components in the sample laterisasi ultramafic rocks as follows: Ni (0.596), Fe (0.568), Co (0.879) and Cr (0.963). This value indicates the location of the Ni has a different axis (component 1) compared to Fe, Co and Cr component 2 lies in the similarities and differences of these metals are interpreted relatively slow mobility of Ni in ultramafic rocks laterisasi than Fe, Co, Cr relatively faster (Figure 4). Transformation matrix component analysis performed on sediment samples laterite shows the value of mobility following elements: Ni (0.769), Fe (0.843), Co (0.841) and Cr (1.0). This value indicates that Ni, Fe, Co and Cr situated on the same axis and away from each other. This condition indicates that the mobility that occurs in laterite sediments influenced by surface water and ground water (Figure 5). Mobility in Swimming Precipitation: The phenomenon of Fe and Cr chart pattern became stronger relative constant, as a common element of mobility and transport mechanisms that can form chemical compounds. This process occurs in phases interpreted clay mineral deposits found so that the composition Fe as Fe (OH) 3 and ferrochrome (FeCr 2 O 3 ). While Ni and Co have the same graphic pattern is relatively flat as a common trait constant mobility of heavy metals in the settling ponds (Figures 6 and 7). Ni communality value (0.109), Fe (0.944), Cr (0.920) and Co (918), indicates that the change of Ni laterisasi ultramafic rocks and settling ponds (settling pond) is relatively weak compared to Fe, Co, Cr relatively strong. Eigen values Ni (2.892) and the loading factor (72.289%) was interpreted as a strong influential metal is affected by the wall settling ponds (Appendix map). Conclusion: Ni mobility is relatively slow compared to Fe, Co, Cr on laterisasi rock peridotite. Communality values, eigen values and factor mobility properties indicate that the concentrations of Fe, Cr influenced by surface water and ground water form a ferrochrome which occurred earlier than Ni, Co in settling ponds. Metal concentrations are also influenced by the wall that leads to accumulation of settling ponds there are formed locally. REFERENCES [1] Berkowitz, B., I. Dror, B. Yaron, 2008. Contaminant Geochemistry-Interactions and Transport in the Subsurface Environment, ISBN:978-3-540-74381-1,Sringer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. [2] Brookins, DG., 1988. Eh-pH Diagrams for Geochemistry, Springer, New York, pp: 176.

503 Adi Tonggiroh, 2014 [3] Dube, A., T. Zbytniewski, KC. Buszewski, 2001. Adsorption and Migration of Heavy Metals in Soil, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 10(1) [4] Notodarmojo, S., 2005. Pencemaran Tanah dan Air Tanah, Penerbit ITB [5] Sarkar, D., R. Datta, R. Hannigan, 2007. Developments in Environemntal Science, V.5, Hannigan Robyn, 2007, Chapter 1:What goes comes around: Today s environmental geochemistry, Published by Elsevier Ltd, ISSN:1474-8177 DOI:10.1016.S1474-8177(07)05001-2. [6] Simandjuntak, TO., Surono, Sukido, 1993, Peta Geologi Lembar Kolaka, Sulawesi, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung. [7] Smith, KS, 2007. Strategis to Predict Metal Mobility in Surface mining Environments,The Geological Society of America Review Engineering geology.v.xvii. [8] Vivo, DB., HE. Belkin, Lima, 2008. Environmental Geochemistry, Site Characterization Data Analysis and case Histories. APPENDIX Fig. 1: Location of research area. Fig. 2: Appearance of ultramafic rock peridotite petrographic.

504 Adi Tonggiroh, 2014 Chromit Hematite Magnetit Fig. 3: Appearance of incision polishes peridotite ultramafic rocks. Fig. 4: Analysis of the components of Ni, Fe, Co, Cr in ultramafic rocks. Fig. 5: Analysis of the components of heavy metals in sediment samples laterite.

505 Adi Tonggiroh, 2014 200000 160000 120000 80000 40000 Ni Fe Co Cr 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig. 6: Patterns of heavy metal concentrations in the settling ponds (settling pond). Fig. 7: The mechanism of distribution of heavy metals in the settling ponds (settling pond).

506 Adi Tonggiroh, 2014 ANNEX MAP