Space Test Review. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Space Test Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which term describes any object that exists in space? a. celestial object b. star c. planet d. asteroid 2. Which term describes a massive collection of gases in space that emits large amounts of energy? a. star b. planet c. asteroid d. crater 3. The Sun is an example of which of the following? a. star b. planet c. Solar System d. galaxy 4. Which statement is true about the size of the Sun? a. Compared to other stars, it is very small. b. Compared to other stars, it is very large. c. Compared to Earth, it is very small. d. Compared to Earth, it is very large. 5. Which term describes a large, round celestial object that travels around a star? a. planet b. moon c. asteroid d. crater 6. Which term describes the closed path that a celestial object takes around another object? a. orbit b. galaxy c. crater d. light year 7. Which feature makes Earth different from all the other planets in the Solar System? a. Earth is the largest. b. Earth is the only planet made of solid material. c. Earth is the only planet made mostly of gases and a small rocky core. d. Earth is the only planet that contains liquid water and living things. 8. Which term describes any celestial object travelling in orbit around a larger celestial object? a. natural satellite b. moon c. planet d. asteroid

9. Which term describes a huge, rotating collection of gas, dust, stars, planets, and other celestial objects? a. galaxy b. Solar System c. Universe d. star cluster 10. Which term describes the large areas of dark rock on the Moon s surface? a. maria b. asteroid c. crater d. orbit 11. Which term describes the small, rocky, irregularly shaped celestial objects that orbit the Sun? a. marias b. asteroids c. craters d. stars 12. Which term describes the circular or bowl-shaped holes in surfaces caused by the impact of a celestial object? a. marias b. asteroids c. craters d. orbits 13. What colour are the brightest stars? a. red b. yellow c. white d. blue 14. What colour are the coldest stars? a. red b. yellow c. white d. blue 15. What type of galaxy is shown in this figure? a. elliptical b. irregular c. lenticular d. spiral

16. What type of galaxy is shown in this figure? a. elliptical b. irregular c. lenticular d. spiral 17. What type of galaxy is shown in this figure? a. elliptical b. irregular c. lenticular d. spiral 18. Which term describes a meteoroid that burns up as it travels through Earth s atmosphere, forming a bright streak of light in the sky? a. meteor b. comet c. asteroid d. crater 19. Which term describes a small celestial object made of rock or metal that is smaller than an asteroid? a. meteoroid b. meteor c. comet d. crater 20. About how many days does it take Earth to make one revolution around the Sun? a. 30 b. 180 c. 365 d. 520

21. Which planet orbits the Sun most quickly? a. Mercury b. Earth c. Jupiter d. Neptune 22. What causes Earth s seasons to change? a. distance from the Sun b. rotation around an axis c. phases of the Moon d. tilt 23. In the northern hemisphere, the summer solstice occurs around which date? a. March 21 b. June 21 c. July 21 d. August 21 24. In the northern hemisphere, the winter solstice occurs around which date? a. September 21 b. December 21 c. January 21 d. February 21 25. Which term describes a day when the hours of daylight equal the hours of darkness? a. solstice b. equinox c. azimuth d. altitude 26. What is the name of the asterism shown here? a. The Big Dipper b. Cassiopeia c. Cepheus d. Draco 27. Which statement is true about the seasons on Earth? a. Seasons occur based on Earth s distance from the Sun at a given time. b. When it is winter in the northern hemisphere, it is also winter in the southern hemisphere. c. Earth is the only planet that experiences seasons. d. The equatorial regions do not have four seasons.

28. Which statement is true about a solar eclipse? a. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through Earth s shadow and does not reflect as much sunlight as usual. b. A solar eclipse can be seen anywhere on Earth. c. It is more common to see a solar eclipse than a lunar eclipse. d. A total solar eclipse occurs somewhere on Earth once every two years. 29. Which statement is true about the International Space Station? a. It is the first space research facility to be built in orbit. b. It was launched in 1981. c. The International Space Station weighs exactly 245 kilograms. d. It is the largest human-made object to orbit Earth. 30. Use this figure to determine which statement is true about the International Space Station s orbit around Earth. a. The combination of the forward motion of the ISS and the pull of Earth s gravity keeps it in orbit. b. The distance the ISS is from the centre of Earth is continually decreasing. c. The ISS is pushed away from Earth by the force of gravity. d. Without the force of gravity, the ISS would hover, unmoving, in space. Short Answer

31. Caleb claims that on a very clear night, when he looks at the sky from his backyard, he is able to see all of the stars in space. Is Caleb s claim correct? Give a reason for your answer. 32. The Sun is much larger than any other star. This is why it appears so large when viewed from Earth. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Justify your answer. 33. What are the three criteria a celestial object must meet to be classified as a planet? 34. Describe the features that make Earth different from all other planets in the Solar System. 35. The Moon lights up ; therefore, it is luminous. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Justify your answer. 36. Roberto believes that Pluto is a planet because it orbits the Sun and is spherical in shape. Is Roberto correct? Justify your answer. 37. Four types of galaxies are represented in the following figures. Use the figures to create a chart labelling and describing the four types of galaxies. 38. Based on the information in this chapter, how do you think our life on Earth would be different without the information gained from space exploration? 39. Based on the information in this chapter, how do you use energy from the Sun in your everyday life? 40. What is light pollution? Explain why it is a problem. Is there anything you might do differently in your everyday life to help limit light pollution? 41. Would you like to be an astronaut? What do you think it would be like to land on the Moon or on another planet? Describe the challenges you might face. 42. Explain what causes day and night on Earth. 43. Using the following diagram, determine how many time zones are in Canada. Which zone is most of Ontario located in?

44. Describe how Earth s tilt determines the four seasons in Canada. What season is Canada experiencing in each of the following figures? 45. What part of Earth does not experience four seasons? Explain. 46. Compare and contrast the seasons on Neptune, Uranus, and Mercury with those on Earth. Explain the reason for the differences. 47. What type of constellation is shown in this figure? Describe what is special about this type of constellation.

48. On the following diagram, label the winter and summer solstice for the northern hemisphere, as well as the spring and autumn equinox. Give the date for each event. Explain how you determined the position of each event.

49. What constellation contains the star Sirius? Sketch this constellation. Describe the significance of the star Sirius to ancient Egyptians. 50. Using the diagram shown here, summarize how azimuth and altitude can be used to determine the location of a celestial object, as viewed from Earth. How might these measurements be useful? 51. Create a diagram to show how Earth is kept in orbit around the Sun. Explain what force is responsible for keeping Earth in orbit. 52. Explain why the same side of the Moon faces Earth at all times. 53. Explain why the phases of the Moon occur.

54. Sketch Earth s axis on the figure shown. Label the measurement of the angle formed between the vertical and the axis, and draw arrows to indicate the direction of rotation. Describe the effect this tilt has on Earth s climate. 55. Describe what occurs during the phases of the Moon, when the Moon is waxing. Rearrange these figures to show the waxing phases of the Moon in the order they occur. 56. Describe what occurs during the phases of the Moon, when the Moon is waning. Rearrange these figures to show the waning phases of the Moon in the order they occur. 57. What occurs during a solar eclipse? Create a diagram to represent this event. 58. What occurs during a lunar eclipse? Create a diagram to represent this event. 59. Describe a spectrum. Which spectrum shown here represents a stationary galaxy? Which spectrum shows a galaxy that is moving away from Earth? Explain the difference.

a. b. 60. Explain the Big Bang Theory. 61. Based on the information in this chapter, how do you think property ownership should be determined on the Moon? 62. This chapter discusses how people, both past and present, have used celestial objects as tools. How have you used celestial objects in your own life? 63. The size of the Universe is changing. Do you agree is disagree with this statement? Justify your answer. 64. Some students find it difficult to remember the difference between the geocentric and the heliocentric models of the Universe. Explain one method that might be helpful in remembering the basis for these two models. 65. Scientists believe a meteorite killed the dinosaurs. What evidence justifies this hypothesis? 66. You have been asked to give a short class presentation on how to determine the position of celestial objects using altitude and azimuth. Write the script for your presentation. 67. Why will total solar eclipses eventually stop occurring? 68. Why is a total solar eclipse a good time to observe the outer atmosphere of the Sun? 69. All stars are part of the Milky Way galaxy. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Justify your answer. 70. Have you ever witnessed a solar eclipse? If so, what did you observe? After studying this chapter, what do you understand about a solar eclipse that you did not know previously? 71. What is the main difference between the geocentric and heliocentric models of the Universe? Which model is accepted today? Describe the evidence supporting this model. 72. What are time zones? Do you think time zones are necessary? Explain how you think life would be different if there were no time zones. 73. Based on the information in this chapter, what do you think would be different on Earth if Earth s axis was tilted 90, instead of 23.5 from the vertical? Give a reason for your answer. 74. What stars, asterisms, or constellations are you familiar with? How might knowing the location of certain stars be of use to you in your everyday life?

75. What is a cosmologist? Is this a career that interests you? Based on the information in this chapter, explain the characteristics that you think a successful cosmologist would possess. 76. What did you learn from studying this chapter about the Universe that you did not previously know? Explain how this knowledge changes your point of view. 77. Sketch and explain how a balloon can be used to model what occurs when a rocket lifts off. 78. Using the following diagram as a guide, explain what keeps the International Space Station in orbit around Earth. 79. What would occur if a spacecraft launched into space was travelling faster than the designated launch speed? 80. Create a graphic organizer to highlight some of the challenges of space travel related to human survival. 81. Contrast a trip to the Moon with a trip to Mars. 82. There is no gravity in space. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Justify your answer. 83. Do you think spending taxpayers money on space exploration and research is worthwhile? Give a reason for your answer.

84. Would you like to be an astronaut? What do you think it would be like to travel in space? Describe the challenges you might face. 85. What is a space technology spinoff? Describe a space technology spinoff you have used in your everyday life. 86. Explain how athletic shoes were created from the design of spacesuits. 87. Compare and contrast the Canadarm and the Canadarm2. 88. Describe some of the accomplishments related to space research and exploration over the past five decades. 89. The biggest challenge of space travel is getting out of Earth s atmosphere. What facts support this statement? 90. Are you in favor of space tourism? Give a reason for your answer. 91. Explain why the rocket boosters break away from a spacecraft and fall once the spacecraft has reached a certain altitude. 92. Explain the significance of the Genesis Rock found during the Apollo 15 mission. 93. Do you think a trip to Mars is a worthwhile endeavor for the space program? Explain the reason for your answer. 94. Give a possible cause for a feeling of seasickness experienced by some astronauts in space. 95. Explain why important tasks, such as spacewalks and linking to the International Space Station, are not usually completed during the first few days of a space mission. 96. Explain why astronauts lose bone when in space for an extended period of time. 97. Create a graphic organizer to summarize the possible forms of equipment failure that a spacecraft could experience, the consequences of each type of equipment failure, and a plan of action if the failure occurs. 98. Create a sketch of an astronaut s spacesuit. Label at least seven components on the suit. What is the main purpose of a spacesuit? 99. Canadian scientists feel that outer space provides the right conditions to study osteoporosis and have made many contributions to the study of this disease through their outer space research. Give justification for studying osteoporosis in outer space. 100. Describe the daily living practices, such as eating, washing, and sleeping, for an astronaut in space. 101. What features of space make working there difficult? 102. Using this figure as a guide, explain how global positioning systems work.

103. Think about your favourite activities or current hobbies. Has space research and exploration had any influence on them? Explain. 104. Describe the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator. Include a description of what it is, what it can be used for, and an example of a practical application that has evolved from the technology used to create it. 105. Create a chart displaying the advantages and disadvantages of human space travel. 106. Many of our new technological products are space technology spinoffs. What products can you think of that could be developed from the technology used to create spacesuits that would be useful in our everyday lives? 107. Before studying this unit, what is one question you had about space exploration? Did the information in this chapter provide an answer to your question? Describe the new information you gained. 108. Human space travel is presently limited to low Earth orbit missions. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Justify your answer. 109. What would occur if a spacecraft launched into space was travelling slower than the designated launch speed? 110. Do you think humans should live on the Moon? Give a reason for your answer. 111. Create a sketch of a space shuttle. Label the three main components and describe the function of each. 112. Did the information in this chapter change the way you think about space or space exploration? Explain. 113. Marc s science teacher told his class that Canadians had made many important contributions to the field of space exploration. Do you agree with Marc s teacher? Justify your answer.

114. If a classmate feels that space exploration is a poor use of Canada s resources, how might you argue that the opposite is true?

Space Test Review Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D2.1 MSC: What Do You Remember? 2. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D2.3 MSC: What Do You Remember? 3. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D3.4 MSC: What Do You Understand? 4. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D3.4 MSC: What Do You Understand? 5. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D2.3 MSC: What Do You Remember? 6. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D2.1 MSC: What Do You Remember? 7. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D3.3 MSC: What Do You Understand? 8. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D2.1 MSC: What Do You Remember? 9. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D2.3 MSC: What Do You Remember? 10. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 8.3 The Moon LOC: D2.1 MSC: What Do You Remember? 11. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 8.3 The Moon LOC: D2.1 MSC: What Do You Remember? 12. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 8.3 The Moon LOC: D2.1 MSC: What Do You Remember? 13. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 8.5 The Stars LOC: D2.3 MSC: What Do You Understand? 14. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 8.5 The Stars LOC: D2.3 MSC: What Do You Understand? 15. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 8.8 Galaxies LOC: D3.1 MSC: Solve a Problem 16. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 8.8 Galaxies LOC: D3.1 MSC: Solve a Problem 17. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 8.8 Galaxies LOC: D3.1 MSC: Solve a Problem 18. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 9.1 Motion in the Solar System LOC: D2.1 MSC: What Do You Remember? 19. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 9.1 Motion in the Solar System LOC: D2.1 MSC: What Do You Remember? 20. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 9.1 Motion in the Solar System LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand? 21. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 9.1 Motion in the Solar System LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand?

22. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 9.2 Seasons LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand? 23. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 9.2 Seasons LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand? 24. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 9.2 Seasons LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand? 25. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 9.2 Seasons LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Remember? 26. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 9.3 Star Patterns LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Remember? 27. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.2 Seasons LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand? 28. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.7 Eclipses LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand? 29. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 10.2 The Future of Space Exploration LOC: D1.1 MSC: What Do You Understand? 30. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 10.1 Getting into Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate SHORT ANSWER 31. ANS: No. Caleb s claim is not correct. We are able to see only a very small percentage of the stars in space. There are many more stars that can only be seen with powerful telescopes. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D3.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate 32. ANS: I disagree with the statement. The Sun is a medium-sized star. It appears so large from Earth because it is closer to Earth than any other star. The Sun is located about 150 million kilometres from Earth. The nextclosest star to Earth is about 300 000 times farther from us than the Sun. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D3.4 MSC: Create and Evaluate 33. ANS: The three criteria are that the celestial object must orbit a star and no other celestial object, contain enough mass so that its gravity pulls it into a round or spherical shape, and be able to clear other celestial objects out of its orbit. PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D2.3 MSC: What Do You Understand? 34. ANS: Earth is the only planet in the Solar System that contains liquid water and living things. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D3.3 MSC: What Do You Understand? 35. ANS:

I disagree with the statement. The Moon is not luminous. It shines brightly in the night sky because it reflects light from the Sun. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D2.3 MSC: Create and Evaluate 36. ANS: No. Roberto is incorrect. In addition to orbiting the Sun and being spherical in shape, to be classified as a planet the celestial object must also be able to clear objects out of its orbit. Pluto is not able to do this; therefore, it is classified as a dwarf planet rather than a regular planet. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 8.4 Planets LOC: D2.3 MSC: Create and Evaluate 37. ANS: elliptical galaxy spherical galaxy lenticular galaxy irregular galaxy Elliptical galaxies are shaped like spheres or ovals. Spiral galaxies are flat and circular, with curving arms. Lenticular galaxies are disc-shaped with a bulge in the middle. Irregular galaxies get their name from their appearance. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 8.8 Galaxies LOC: D3.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate 38. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: Space exploration has expanded our knowledge of the Universe. It has also given us many new technologies. Ski boots have been designed similarly to boots used in space suits. Controllers for computer games were originally developed to control the Apollo lunar rover. Pacemakers used to treat heart patients were first used to monitor astronauts, and the infrared sensor in an ear thermometer was initially used to measure the thermal energy of distant stars in an instant. These are just a few examples of new technologies developed because of space exploration. Our life would be much different without the many new technologies brought about by the space research program. PTS: 1 OBJ: 8.1 The Night Sky LOC: D1.1 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 39. ANS: Answers may vary. Possible answer: Almost all of the energy we use on Earth comes from the Sun. Plants use sunlight to grow and produce food. Animals eat plants that are grown in sunlight. Coal was formed from the remains of prehistoric plants, so it is a form of stored energy from the Sun. Oil, including gasoline used to power vehicles, is formed from the remains of prehistoric organisms, which obtained energy from plants, and hence, the Sun.

PTS: 1 OBJ: 8.6 The Sun LOC: D3.4 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 40. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: Light pollution is excess light produced by cities and towns at night. The wasted light costs money, wastes energy, and makes astronomical observations more difficult. The light overpowers the dim light coming from celestial objects. To help limit light pollution I could use lights only when necessary, use lower wattage bulbs, use full-cutoff light fixtures, install motion sensors so lights only kick on when needed, use reflectors in place of lights where possible, and educate my friends and family about light pollution. PTS: 1 OBJ: 8.2 Tools That Help Us See Celestial Objects LOC: D2.4 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 41. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: I think it would be very exciting to be an astronaut. Landing on the Moon would be an amazing experience. I think the biggest challenges an astronaut would face on the Moon would be that there is no air, so you are dependent on a temporary air source. Also, the extreme temperature differences between areas in sunlight and shaded areas, would be difficult to handle. There are also many deep craters and high mountains, so it would be a challenge to explore. PTS: 1 OBJ: 8.3 The Moon LOC: D3.1 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 42. ANS: We experience day and night because of Earth s rotation on its axis. As Earth rotates, the portion of Earth that faces the Sun experiences day, while the portion of Earth facing away from the Sun experiences night. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 9.1 Motion in the Solar System LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand? 43. ANS: There are six time zones in Canada. Most of Ontario is located in the Eastern time zone. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.1 Motion in the Solar System LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 44. ANS: When the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, sunlight spreads over a relatively small area of Earth s surface. This causes the temperature to increase, and Canada experiences summer. When the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, sunlight spreads over a larger area of Earth s surface. This causes the temperature to decrease, and Canada experiences winter. In figure (a) Canada is experiencing summer, because the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun. In figure (b) Canada is experiencing winter, because the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.2 Seasons LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 45. ANS: The area of Earth around the equator does not experience four seasons. The intensity of the Sun s rays at the equator changes very little over the year, so the temperature remains fairly constant and warm. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 9.2 Seasons LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand? 46. ANS:

The differences in seasons are all related to the tilt of the planet s axis and the distance the planet is from the Sun. Neptune is much farther from the Sun than Earth; therefore, the seasons on Neptune are much longer and colder than Earth s. Uranus has an axis that is so tilted that the planet is practically lying on its side. Because of this, Uranus has extreme seasons. Mercury s axis has no tilt; therefore, Mercury has no seasons. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.2 Seasons LOC: D2.2 MSC: Solve a Problem 47. ANS: The constellations shown here are circumpolar constellations. These constellations never set below the horizon. They are always visible in the sky. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.3 Star Patterns LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 48. ANS: The winter solstice is the point at which the northern hemisphere is pointed away from the Sun. The summer solstice is the point at which the northern hemisphere is pointed toward the Sun. The autumn equinox occurs midway between the summer solstice and the winter solstice. The spring equinox occurs after the winter solstice and before the summer solstice. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.2 Seasons LOC: D2.2 MSC: Solve a Problem 49. ANS:

Sirius is in the Canis Major (Big Dog) constellation. Ancient Egyptians noticed that the star Sirius always appeared in the summer sky at the same time as the annual flooding of the Nile River. The Egyptians then used their observations of the star Sirius to predict the annual floods of the Nile River. The flooding provided rich soil; therefore, its appearance in the sky signalled the time to plant. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.4 How People Use the Stars LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 50. ANS: Azimuth is the distance measured (in degrees) from north along the horizon to a point directly below the celestial object. In the diagram shown here, the celestial object being viewed would have an azimuth of approximately 300. Altitude is the angular height of a celestial object, measured from the horizon. The position of celestial objects can be used to help sailors find their way at night. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 9.4 How People Use the Stars LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 51. ANS:

Earth s velocity would take Earth in a different direction, away from the Sun. However, due to the gravitational force between Earth and the Sun, Earth is pulled into orbit around the Sun. Gravitational force, or gravity, is the force of attraction between two massive objects. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 9.6 Phases of the Moon LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 52. ANS: The Moon takes about 27 days to complete one revolution around Earth. The Moon also takes about 27 days to complete one rotation on its axis. This is why the same side of the Moon faces Earth at all times. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 9.6 Phases of the Moon LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand? 53. ANS: The Moon reflects light from the Sun. As the Moon orbits Earth, we see different amounts of the sunlit side of the Moon each night of the month. The changes of appearance of the Moon are called the phases of the Moon.

PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 9.6 Phases of the Moon LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand? 54. ANS: The tilt of Earth on its axis results in the four seasons experienced at most locations on Earth. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 9.2 Seasons LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 55. ANS: Waxing is a period during which the visible surface of the Moon increases. This period begins with the new Moon, when the sunlit side of the Moon is facing away from Earth. At this time we see no Moon at all. As the Moon continues to revolve and rotate, we continue to see more of its sunlit side. PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 9.6 Phases of the Moon LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 56. ANS: Waning is a period during which the visible surface of the Moon decreases. After a full Moon, the part of the Moon we see begins decreasing. We see less and less of the sunlit side until we are back to the new Moon. PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 9.6 Phases of the Moon LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 57. ANS:

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth and blocks some or all of the Sun s light. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 9.7 Eclipses LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 58. ANS: A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through Earth s shadow and does not reflect as much sunlight as usual. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 9.7 Eclipses LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 59. ANS: A spectrum is the unique band of colours of light emitted from each galaxy. Figure (b) represents a stationary galaxy. Figure (a) represents a galaxy that is moving away from Earth. The black lines shown on the spectrum indicate light absorption. As a galaxy moves farther from Earth, these lines shift toward the red end of the spectrum. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.8 Expansion of the Universe LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 60. ANS: The Big Bang Theory states that about 14 billion years ago, everything in the Universe existed in a single, fixed mass that was hot and dense. Then, the mass suddenly expanded. A billion years later, the first galaxies formed. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 9.8 Expansion of the Universe LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand? 61. ANS:

Answers will vary. Possible answer: I believe all nations should have freedom of scientific inquiry on the Moon. All nations exploring there, however, should be obligated to share the results of their exploration with other nations. PTS: 1 OBJ: 9.9 Who Owns the Moon? LOC: D1.1 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 62. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: I have used the Sun to tell time. If I do not have a watch to tell the time, I can look at the Sun and determine its position in the sky and use this to approximate the time. PTS: 1 OBJ: 9.4 How People Use the Stars LOC: D2.2 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 63. ANS: I agree with the statement. During the late 1920s, Edwin Hubble noticed that the visible spectrum of distant galaxies seemed to be shifting toward the red end of the spectrum. This meant that the galaxies were moving away from the Milky Way and away from each other. The farther away the galaxies were, the greater the red shift. The greater the red shift, the faster the galaxies were moving. This is proof that the Universe is expanding. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.8 Expansion of the Universe LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 64. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: I know that geo means Earth and that centric means centre, so the term geocentric means Earth-centred. The geocentric model of the Universe places Earth at the centre. Similarly, helios means Sun, so heliocentric means Sun-centred. This model places the Sun at the centre of the Universe. PTS: 1 OBJ: 9.1 Motion in the Solar System LOC: D2.1 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 65. ANS: A thin layer of the element iridium has been found in rocks all over the world. The iridium was always found in the layer corresponding to the end of the dinosaurs. Iridium is rare on Earth, but common in meteorites. In the 1990s, scientists found an unusual underwater rock formation off the coast of Mexico. It matches the description of a crater caused by the suspected meteorite. This evidence justifies the hypothesis that a meteorite struck Earth and caused the dinosaurs to become extinct. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.1 Motion in the Solar System LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 66. ANS: If you want to determine the position of celestial objects using altitude and azimuth, all you need is your hand. If you hold your hand out at arm s length, the width of your index finger is equal to about 1. The width of your fist at arm s length is equal to about 10. If you extend the fingers of your hand, the width from the tip of your pinky finger to the tip of your thumb is equal to about 20. Using this method, you can estimate the azimuth and altitude coordinates of any celestial object in the sky relative to your position on Earth. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 9.4 How People Use the Stars LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 67. ANS:

The Moon is slowly drifting away from Earth. As a result, in about 3000 years, the sizes of the Sun and Moon will no longer seem equal; the Moon will appear to be too small to cover the Sun. Therefore, there will no longer be total solar eclipses. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.7 Eclipses LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand? 68. ANS: When the Moon appears to cover the Sun, only the outermost layer of the Sun, the corona, is visible. We do not normally see the corona because the rest of the Sun is so bright. During a total eclipse, astronomers can safely study the corona. PTS: 1 REF: A OBJ: 9.7 Eclipses LOC: D2.2 MSC: What Do You Understand? 69. ANS: I disagree with the statement. The Milky Way galaxy is just one of many galaxies in the Universe. Until the 1920s, astronomers thought that our galaxy was the entire Universe. Then, Edward Hubble discovered stars that were outside of the Milky Way galaxy. This proved the existence of other galaxies and a much larger Universe. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.8 Expansion of the Universe LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 70. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: I have witnessed a partial solar eclipse, but never a total solar eclipse. It appeared as though part of the Sun was covered up by the Moon, making the Sun appear dark. I did not know previously that it is important to never look directly at a solar eclipse through binoculars or a telescope because the Sun can cause permanent damage to your eyes. You can use a solar filter to safely view a solar eclipse. PTS: 1 OBJ: 9.7 Eclipses LOC: D2.2 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 71. ANS: The geocentric model places Earth at the centre of the Universe, while the heliocentric model places the Sun at the centre. The heliocentric model is accepted today. This model is better at explaining the observable motions of the planets than the geocentric model. When viewed from Earth, some of the planets appear to stop and then move in the opposite direction. This observation could not be explained if all the planets circled Earth, but it supports the hypothesis that the planets circle the Sun. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 9.1 Motion in the Solar System LOC: D2.2 MSC: Create and Evaluate 72. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: A time zone is a division of Earth s surface that has a uniform standard time. When the Sun is directly overhead, it is considered solar noon. The moment when the Sun is directly overhead is different, depending on your location on Earth. If there were no time zones and it was the same time everywhere on Earth, the Sun would be directly overhead at all different clock times, at different locations around the world. It would be dark somewhere when the time was considered noon. For this reason, time zones are necessary to keep time approximately in line with the position of the Sun. If there were no time zones, when we traveled to a different location, everything would occur at a different time then what we were used to at home. There would be no consistency with time around the world. PTS: 1 OBJ: 9.1 Motion in the Solar System LOC: D2.2 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning

73. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: If Earth s axis was tilted 90, our seasons would much likely be longer and more severe. Earth would be tilted on its side and the poles would alternate being pointed directly at the Sun. When the North Pole was pointed toward the Sun, the northern hemisphere would experience a long period of extremely hot temperatures. The North Pole would then be pointed away from the Sun, and the northern hemisphere would experience a long period of extreme winter. PTS: 1 OBJ: 9.2 Seasons LOC: D2.2 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 74. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: I am familiar with Polaris, the Big Dipper, and Canis Major. Knowing the location of certain stars could be useful if you were lost and could use the position of the stars to help find your way. PTS: 1 OBJ: 9.3 Star Patterns LOC: D2.2 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 75. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: A cosmologist is a scientist who studies the makeup and origins of the Universe. I think it would be a very interesting career. The discoveries that you might find could change the way an entire worldviews themselves and their place in the Universe. A successful cosmologist would be curious about the Universe. They would spend a great deal of time studying the work of other scientists to give them a basis for their own studies. They would also be creative and able to imagine new possibilities for the Universe and find ways to test them. PTS: 1 OBJ: 9.8 Expansion of the Universe LOC: D2.1 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 76. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: Prior to studying this chapter, I did not know that the Universe was expanding. This knowledge has made me realize how vast the Universe is. There could be many more celestial objects somewhere in the Universe, still undiscovered. PTS: 1 OBJ: 9.8 Expansion of the Universe LOC: D2.2 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 77. ANS:

If you inflate a balloon and then release it, the escaping air propels the balloon upward. It is this same principle that launches a rocket at liftoff. In a rocket, a chemical change occurs that produces hot gases. These gases are expelled through the bottom of the rocket at great speed, causing the rocket to move in the opposite direction. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.1 Getting into Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate 78. ANS: The International Space Station would travel forward in a straight line if no other force acted on it. This path is indicated by the solid white line on the diagram labelled path without gravity. The ISS, however, is pulled back toward Earth by the force of gravity, as indicated by the dotted line on the diagram. The combination of the forward motion of the ISS and the pull of Earth s gravity keeps it in orbit, at a constant distance from Earth s centre. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 10.1 Getting into Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate 79. ANS: The spacecraft would continue to move away from Earth. The pull of Earth s gravity would not be great enough to pull the spacecraft into orbit. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 10.1 Getting into Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: What Do You Understand? 80. ANS: Category Challenges Basic Needs how to bring along enough air, food, and water

Emotional and Mental Well-Being Physical Well-Being what to do with wastes homesickness claustrophobia boredom weakened bones and muscles PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.2 The Future of Space Exploration LOC: D1.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate 81. ANS: Mars is much farther from Earth than the Moon, which makes the challenge of landing humans there much greater. Spacecraft can reach the Moon in less than four days. Travelling to Mars would take seven to ten months. Sending equipment and people to Mars is more time-consuming, expensive, and risky than sending them to the Moon. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 10.2 The Future of Space Exploration LOC: D1.1 MSC: Solve a Problem 82. ANS: I disagree with the statement. There is gravity in space. The feeling of weightlessness occurs because orbiting objects are constantly falling toward Earth. Astronauts feel weightless because they are falling toward Earth at the same rate as their spacecraft. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 10.3 Humans in Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate 83. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: After reading this chapter, I see the importance of the information obtained through space exploration, and I do believe this is a worthwhile endeavor. The information gained from space exploration allows us to understand much more about our Universe. Many products that we use today were formed as a result of space research. Knowledge is gained from these missions that can be very valuable, even in our everyday lives. PTS: 1 OBJ: 10.6 Is Space Exploration Worth the Money? LOC: D1.1 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 84. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: I think it would be very exciting to be an astronaut. Travelling in space would be an amazing experience. You would have the opportunity to do something that relatively few people have experienced. I think the biggest challenges an astronaut would face would include adjusting to the microgravity environment, rationing air, food, and water, avoiding claustrophobia and homesickness, and dealing with weakened bones and muscles. PTS: 1 OBJ: 10.2 The Future of Space Exploration LOC: D1.1 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 85. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: A space technology spinoff is a technology originally designed for space exploration that has made its way into everyday life. A space technology spinoff that I have used is the global positioning system. This system was first used for space exploration. It is now found in many automobiles and handheld gadgets. This technology makes use of satellites orbiting Earth, monitoring stations on Earth, and GPS receivers located on Earth to help determine someone s location. PTS: 1 OBJ: 10.5 Technology Transfer LOC: D1.1 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning

86. ANS: Athletic shoe companies used ideas from spacesuit design to improve their shoes by building a pressurized shell for the sole with joints for cushioning, much like the accordion-like joints in spacesuits. Athletic shoe companies also use the moulding process used to make space helmets to create light and durable insoles for their shoes. PTS: 1 REF: K/U OBJ: 10.5 Technology Transfer LOC: D2.4 MSC: What Do You Understand? 87. ANS: Canadarm is a 15.2 m long robotic arm designed and built by Canadian scientists. It is like a construction crane attached to a shuttle. It lifts parts, captures and releases satellites, and assists astronauts in spacewalks. The Canadarm2 is a more advanced version of the Canadarm. The main difference is that the Canadarm2 can be attached to the International Space Station. The Canadarm2 is 18 metres long. It, too, can be used to lift and move items in space, lifting up to 115 tonnes of equipment. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 10.4 Space Tools and Training LOC: D2.4 MSC: Solve a Problem 88. ANS: In the past five decades, we have built scientific laboratories in space. Spacecrafts have landed on planets, moons, and asteroids. Instruments have been sent into space to gather information we cannot gather from Earth. Probes have been sent to planets that are not yet fit to live on, or are too far away for humans to safely make the trip. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.1 Getting into Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: What Do You Understand? 89. ANS: Earth s atmosphere exerts air resistance that works opposite the direction of motion of a spacecraft. This reduces the speed of the spacecraft, making it difficult to get out of Earth s atmosphere. A spacecraft needs a lot of thrust to lift off Earth s surface and overcome the air resistance. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 10.1 Getting into Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate 90. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: I believe space exploration by a few, extremely well trained individuals is beneficial to society. I do not feel it should be expanded beyond this. Anything more would be extremely costly and could jeopardize the health and well-being of the individuals taking part. PTS: 1 OBJ: 10.3 Humans in Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 91. ANS: The rocket boosters break away and fall to reduce the mass of the spacecraft and allow the spacecraft to use less fuel for the remainder of its trip. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.1 Getting into Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: What Do You Understand? 92. ANS: The Genesis Rock is thought to be part of the original lunar crust when the Moon was formed about 4.6 billion years ago. This is 1 billion years older than any rock on Earth. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.2 The Future of Space Exploration

LOC: D1.1 MSC: What Do You Understand? 93. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: Even though a mission to Mars would be a major challenge for the space program and full of many dangers, I think it is a worthwhile endeavor. The exploration of Mars would likely provide us with many more clues to further our understanding of the Universe. It would also give us opportunities to develop new technologies that could have earthly uses, as well, and to satisfy our desire to explore. PTS: 1 OBJ: 10.2 The Future of Space Exploration LOC: D1.1 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 94. ANS: Balance organs in the inner ear may not function properly when there is less exposure to the force of gravity. This produces a sensation similar to seasickness on Earth. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 10.3 Humans in Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Solve a Problem 95. ANS: About two-thirds of all astronauts experience dizziness, disorientation, and nausea during their first few days in space, due to the feeling of weightlessness. The important tasks are not scheduled for the first few days of a mission to give the astronauts time to adjust to space conditions. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.3 Humans in Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: What Do You Understand? 96. ANS: In an apparently weightless environment, the skeletal system does not have to hold up the body. As a result, calcium and phosphorus, which are usually used for this purpose, are excreted instead of being retained in bones. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.3 Humans in Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: What Do You Understand? 97. ANS: Equipment failure Description Consequences Plan environmental system failure computer failure provides breathable air to astronauts critical to astronaut s survival The spacecraft is operated by machines and computers. Astronauts could not respond quickly or perform difficult tasks required for returning to Earth. inability to control the spacecraft Backup systems provide emergency oxygen. The orange suits worn during launch and re-entry are equipped with survival gear. The space shuttle has five computers to control the main engines and other systems.

loss of communication From the Mission Control Center, the flight director manages the flight, the safety of the crew, and the experiments conducted on the mission. A spacecraft cannot operate without guidance from the Mission Control Center at the time of re-entry. For critical functions, the computers vote to make sure they are making the correct decision. Each morning during a space mission, the Mission Control Center updates the crew with a go home plan in case communication with the Mission Control Center is lost. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.3 Humans in Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate 98. ANS: Answers may vary. Labels may include any seven of the components labelled here. The main purpose of a spacesuit is to protect astronauts while they are outside the spacecraft. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.3 Humans in Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate 99. ANS:

Astronauts can lose up to 2 % of the mass of their bones for each month they spend in space, due to the apparently weightless environment. The effect is similar to the bone loss experienced by patients with osteoporosis. Because of the fact that this bone loss in outer space is predictable and occurs in a relatively short period of time, space provides an excellent opportunity for closely monitoring the progression and effects of this disease. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 10.3 Humans in Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate 100. ANS: Because of the apparent weightlessness in space, astronauts cannot use water to shower or bathe. Instead, they must use rinseless shampoos and wipes to clean themselves. Astronauts must sleep in sleeping bags attached to the ceiling, floor, or walls. Dehydrated foods that can be rehydrated and cooked in a microwave provide meals for astronauts. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.3 Humans in Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: What Do You Understand? 101. ANS: Space has no oxygen, very little air pressure, extreme temperatures, and radiation. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.3 Humans in Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: What Do You Understand? 102. ANS: A network of 24 GPS satellites orbits Earth twice daily. The wing-like solar panels of a GPS satellite absorb radiation from the Sun, which is then stored in batteries. Three or more GPS satellites send a signal to a receiver on Earth, which calculates a location. GPS receivers provide directions and maps that help people locate their position on Earth. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.5 Technology Transfer LOC: D2.4 MSC: Create and Evaluate 103. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: My favorite activity is playing basketball. I learned from this chapter that the technology used to create spacesuits is also used to create basketball shoes. This is one example of a space technology spinoff. PTS: 1 OBJ: 10.5 Technology Transfer LOC: D2.4 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 104. ANS: DEXTRE stands for Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator. DEXTRE is a two-armed robot used to do construction and repair work outside the ISS. Delicate surgeries can be performed using robotic technology similar to that of DEXTRE. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.4 Space Tools and Training LOC: D2.4 MSC: What Do You Understand? 105. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: Human Space Travel Advantages Disadvantages

We receive a first-hand account of everything that was experienced in space, rather than being reliant on pictures or videos. Enables us to make adjustments, as needed. Enables us to get the most advantageous placement of instrumentation used for recording images in space. Astronauts may encounter life-threatening situations. It can adversely affect the health of astronauts. Human space travel is more expensive and requires additional advanced planning. PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.3 Humans in Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate 106. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: Spacesuit technologies could be used to further improve athletic shoes and other types of footwear. They could also be useful in perfecting the creation of helmets for sports and recreation. Spacesuit technology might also apply to the creation of other uniforms intended to protect from the elements, such as suits worn during a hazardous materials spill. PTS: 1 OBJ: 10.5 Technology Transfer LOC: D2.4 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 107. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: I had wondered previously how a space shuttle makes it into orbit. This chapter clearly explained the process and challenges involved with getting into space. I now know that a spacecraft must reach a speed of 7.5 km/s to make it through Earth s atmosphere. PTS: 1 OBJ: 10.1 Getting into Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 108. ANS: I agree with the statement. We have not yet sent humans into space beyond a low Earth orbit mission. There are two basic locations in space where humans have lived and worked. One is in the spacecraft of the Apollo voyages to the Moon. The other is in low Earth orbit, between 200 km and 2000 km above Earth s surface. Future plans, however, may include missions beyond this point in space. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 10.2 The Future of Space Exploration LOC: D1.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate 109. ANS: The spacecraft would be pulled back to Earth s surface if it did not have enough travelling speed when it was launched. PTS: 1 REF: T/I OBJ: 10.1 Getting into Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: What Do You Understand? 110. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: I do not think humans should live on the Moon permanently. I believe placing humans on the Moon temporarily is a great source of information, not just about space, but information that is applicable to many areas of our lives on Earth, as well. I do not think it should be a goal of the space program to place people on the Moon for more than a temporary experience. There are too many adaptations that would have to occur and it would be extremely costly. The health of individuals staying on the Moon for too long a period of time could be placed in danger, and I do not feel this is a worthwhile risk. PTS: 1 OBJ: 10.3 Humans in Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning

111. ANS: Copyright: Space Images/Alamy PTS: 1 REF: C OBJ: 10.1 Getting into Space LOC: D1.1 MSC: Create and Evaluate 112. ANS: Answers will vary. Possible answer: Prior to studying this chapter, I did not feel that space research and exploration were a very worthwhile endeavor. I thought the money spent on these programs would better serve the country spent in other areas, such as education or health care. However, after reading this chapter, I now see the benefits of space exploration. It is truly an investment in our country s future. Many products that benefit our everyday lives originate as part of the space program. We are also gaining a better understanding of our Universe, and therefore, a better understanding of ourselves. PTS: 1 OBJ: 10.5 Technology Transfer LOC: D2.4 MSC: Reflect on Your Learning 113. ANS: I do agree with Marc s teacher that Canadians have made many important contributions to the field of space exploration. Canadian astronauts have flown on more than a dozen space shuttle missions. Canadarm, Canadarm2, and DEXTRE are tools developed in Canada that have proven very effective to space exploration and research.