Biological Diversity Lab #1 : Domains Eubacteria and Archaea and Protista Refer to the AP Biology book, Helms Labs 22 and be sure to site other resources used complete this lab in your lab journal. Be sure to go in order and to number each question in your journal. Hunting for answers will cost you points. Microscope drawings must be neat, in colored pencil and labeled. Be brief and concise! In addition to hand drawn specimens, feel free to take pictures with your camera and include alongside your hand drawn illustrations. Why does the domain system work netter than the Kingdom system? 1. What determines if an organism belongs to Domain Eubacteria, Archaea or Eukarya? 2. List and briefly describe at least 4 ways prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes. 3. What structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success? 4. Draw and describe the mechanism for motility utilized by bacteria. 5. Draw diagrams with brief discussions on at least 4 mechanisms that contribute to genetic diversity. Extra credit for examples not found in the book. Cite your source!! 6. Explain the evolutionary significance of alpha proteobacteria. Include a diagram. 7. How do bacteria maintain concentration gradients? When would diffusion, osmosis and active transport be used? Part I: Draw the 3 bacterial slides. These will look like periods at the end of a sentence under 400X. In your drawing label the specimen name; type of morphology; gram + or -; single celled, chains or cluster arrangements.
http://www.desktopclass.com/education/fafsc/structure-of-bacteria-part-1-f-sc-biology-chapter-6.html 8. Strep throat is caused by streptococcal bacteria. What shape would you expect these bacteria to have? 9. How would you expect streptococcal bacteria to be arranged? Latin prefix: 10. Streptococcal bacteria are gram positive. Physicians use Gram Stain to identify specific bacteria. What color would gram stained streptococcus be? Why? Would penicillin be an effective way to treat strep throat? 11. Under what circumstances might a doctor prescribe a narrow spectrum antiobiotic? A broad spectrum antibiotic? 12. Do antibiotics work against eubacteria and archaea? Why? PartII: Draw a diagram of Rhizobium on the root nodules of legumes. http://www.scoop.it/t/mpmi/p/926329177/pnas-legume-pectate-lyase-required-for-root-infection-by-rhizobia 13. Explain how this relationship is symbiotic. Observe the slide of Rhizobium.
14. Morphologically how would you classify this bacterium? 15. Describe the crucial role this bacterium plays in the biosphere. Part III: Diversity and Structure of Cyanobacteria. Draw the specimens: Nostoc; Oscillatoria; Anabena describing morphology, distinctive features. Remember structure function, there is a reason for the diversity in structures. Nostoc Oscillatoria 16. What are the basic cyanobacterial cell shapes? How are these individual cells combined to form colonies and filaments? 17. What does the presence of specialized cell types like heterocysts and akinetes indicate about the environment of these organisms?
18. Cyanobacteria grow prolifically in streams and lakes with low oxygen levels and high nutrient concentrations. How might the presence or absence of cyanobacteria be used as an index of pollution in lakes? 19. How can you determine, from your microscope observations, whether cyanobacteria are prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Name three differences between prok vs euk. 20. Cyanobacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall. Explain whether you would expect them to be sensitive to antibiotics or not. 21. Did any of the cyanobacteria you observed have chloroplasts? Chlorophyll? 22. Describe the evolutionary significance of cyanobacteria. 2-2 anobacterium Primary endosymbiosis Part IV: Protozoans trophic ote Over the course of evolution, this membrane was lost. Red alga Green alga Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Plastid Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Stramenopiles Plastid Euglenids Fig. 28-03a Alveolate s Stramenopiles Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Dinoflagellates Apicomplexan s Ciliates Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Oomycetes Chlorarachniophytes Forams Radiolarians Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria Chlorarachniophyte Green algae Red algae Chlorophytes Charophyceans Land plants Archaeplastida Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Slime molds Gymnamoebas Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Unikonta
Draw the specimens: Amoeba and Paramecium describing morphology, distinctive features, mechanism of locomotion, and method of reproduction.. Remember structure = function, there is a reason for the diversity in structures. Describe how these organisms move. Amoeba proteus Paramecium http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvoz4v699gk (lunch) 23. Describe a protist flagellum and how it is different form a bacterial one.
24. Describe the life cycle of Trypanosoma gambiense and Plasmodium vivax.
Part V: Diversity and Structure of Algae. Draw the specimens: Euglena; diatoms, spirogyra; volvox focus or laminaria. (Be familiar with Fucus, Laminaria, Ulva, Dinoflagellates) Volvox Spirogyra
Focus Laminaria : brown algae or kelp Describing morphology, distinctive features. Remember structure = function, there is a reason for the diversity in structures. Post lab questions: 25. Which group of algae is thought to be the ancestor of land plants. List and briefly describe several evolutionary trends that are obvious in this group of algae. 26. Are algae unicellular? Explain using evidence.