EARTH OBSERVATION SERVICES IN REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Vasile ALCAZ 1 Ion APOSTOL 2 1 Institute of Geology and Seismology Moldavian Academy of Sciences 2 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Republic of Moldova
Current state of the earth observation services I. Disasters earthquakes landslides floods II. Energy
EARTHQUAKES Earthquake Epicenters Around Republic of Moldova, 1500-2005, (M >4) Isoseismal Map of the 4 March 1977 Vrancea Earthquake, M G =7.2 50 H<60 H>60 48 Republic of Moldova 46 44 42 24 26 28 30
Vrancea Earthquake of November 10, 1940 (M=7,4)
Vrancea Earthquake of August 30, 1986 (M =7,0)
Republic of Moldova: Damage Losses From March 4, 1977 And August 31, 1986 Seismic Events Type of construction Total analysed (Number of buildings) Severely damaged, need reconstruction Completely destroyed 1977 1986 1977 1986 1977 1986 State-owned 2821 7000 1449 1152 1372 757 dwellings Private dwellings 6984 49000 6096 4820 888 - Schools 334 546 263 128 71 26 Pre-schooler institutions 188 562 141 88 47 33 Health care 181 353 126 64 55 39 institutions Cultural institutions 238 262 161 189 77 73 Commercial 314 326 110 105 34 221 institutions Other institutions 789 489 568 469 221 20 Total 11849 58538 8914 7015 2765 1169
Reţeaua Naţională de Staţii Seismice a Republicii Moldova Monitoring of seismicity of the Moldova Republic territory is provided by the Institute of Geology and Seismology. Institute informs the Govern, Department of Emergency Situations, officials and population about earthquakes in the region. The seismic network of Moldova consists of 6 seismic stations and 4 engineering seismic stations, placed in buildings of different type. The current network practices only analog recording. The network records all earthquakes with М>2,8, generated by the Vrancea source, Romania and about 1600 teleseismic earthquakes annually
Seismic Station Giurgiulesti Geophysical Observatory (Chisinau city) Engineering seismic station placed in building, (Chisinau city)
Digital equipment recently installed (seismic station Chisinau) CMG-40T Q330 Digitizer ES-T Surface Triaxial Force Balance Accelerometer Sistem de vizualizare şi arhivare PD820 Visualization of real-time data using SeisGram2k software
Early Warning System (S/S Chişinău ) Early Warning System (EWS). EWS is the information system for real-time early detection and warning of the seismic waves in case of strong earthquake. EWS for users provides automatically triger measures as gaz distribution, et all. 2010: Modernization and implementation of this system for industrial objects, which may present danger for the population, to take measures to decrease possible losses from strong earthquakes. Satellite services?
New Generation of Seismic Hazard Maps of Republic of Moldova: utilization of probabilistic approach; estimation of macroseismic intensity attenuation in the direction Vranca - Republic of Moldova; application of subdivided depth model for the Vrancea intermediate depth source; determination of correlation of macoseismic intensity with peak ground acceleration (PGA) for azimuth Vranca Republic of Moldova I=1.33M-4.61Lg R+8.41+0.3Р A, м/с 2 =0.039exp(0.5247 I) Dept levels Depth, km М w, мах Mean Return Period yr. 1 60-80 7.0 24 2 80-100 7.5 82 3 100-130 8.1 820 4 130-170
Earthquake hazard maps from subcrustal Vrancea zone for 500, 1000, and 10 000 years return periods MSK-intensity PGA-acceleration
7, 8 grades MSK Seismic microzonation of Chisinay city (fragment)
Distribution of Relative Earthquake Risk in Republic of Moldova Current Map of Seismic Zonation in the Republic of Moldova Risk class: Risk class: 1 low 1 low 2 moderate 2 moderate 3 high 3 high 4 very high 4 very high 7, 8 MSK Intensity
Expected damages from earthquake analogous to November 1940: Vrancea earthquake (M G =7.4). Kishinev City, existent building stock. Damage degree Number of damaged buildings 0 1 2 3 4 5 Type A 0 214 2014 3494 1878 229 Type B 267 2514 4361 2095 26 0 Type C 380 596 288 39 0 0 Type A Type B Type B d=0 d=1 d=2 d=3 d=4 d=5
Expected casualties from earthquake analogous to November 1940: Vrancea earthquake (M G =7.4). Kishinev City, existent building stock. Human casualties People Buildings type A Buildings type B Buildings type C Total Injured 1938 286 586 2809 Victims 48 0 0 48 Total inhabitants 76280 190420 390600 657300 Expected casualties from probable major Vrancea earthquake (M G =7.8). Kishinev City, existent building stock Human casualties People Buildings type A Buildings type B Buildings type C Total Injured 5050 857 1758 7664 Victims 137 0 0 137 Total inhabitants 76280 190420 390600 657300
Gravity Reference Network of Republic of Moldova The achievement of the gravity reference network (grn) of Republic of Moldova represents the first step in merging the national gravity networks. The network includes stations relatively uniformly distributed in the territory Now the network is in development. Central Gravity Reference Point Geophysical Observatory, Chisinau
Landslides There are at the present more than 16,000 landslides with a total area of 83,000 hectares within he region. The area of active landslides (about 12,400 hectares) is developed within populated areas. Generally, 43,7% of settlements are endangered by landslides and in the central area this value reaches 98%. In recent decades, control of DGP development has been carried out by the following institutions: State Agency AGeoM (landslides and ravines) on pilot areas and within settlements; Institute of Soil Study researchers the erosion of agriculture lands; Ministry of Transport controls of landslides near roads; Public Enterprise Railways of Moldova controls of landslides near railways; Insitut Apele Moldovwei observations for irrigating land and underflooding territories drying up. Landslide area NIsporeni,2006 Landslide, Chisinau, August, 1986 Earthquake (M=7,0)
Landslides in the Republic of Moldova Ancient landslides Modern landslides
Settlements located in hazardous areas of flooding FLOODS Flood Control Systems. A national program for flood protection was officially approved by Government in 2000. It is a 26-year program (2000-2025) with a total cost of about US$80 million. This investment would protect an overall area of 72,600 ha., and a population of 100,000. The cost per hectare would be about US$1100. A alternative, costing 25% less, could provide basic protection from floods of annual exceedance probabilities greater than 1%. The cost per hectare would then be US$ 850. Due to lack of funding, progress with implementation of this program has been minimal. Flooded area,1 Aug 2008, Dubosari district
ENERGY The energy sector of Moldova represents the branch of the national economy with a system comprising enterprises and objects of following types: electrical energy, thermal energy, gas, solid fuel and oil products. The energy sector of the Republic of Moldova was created in the period 1950-1980. The main feature of the energy sector that was formed during USSR period of time, was a high degree of centralization: for the cities of Chisinau and Balti about 85% of the thermal power supplied was from centralized heating system, whereas in the small towns with populations varying between 22 and 50 thousand inhabitants, this index varied between 55 and 68%. in the conditions of the centralized economy. The central administration and coordination authority for energy sector activities is the Ministry of Economy. The energy sector has a crucial role in the economy and consumes yearly about 40-60% of the total quantity of fuel used in the country. -The Republic of Moldova is depends on imported almost totally (98%) from energy resources from the Russian Federation, Ukraine (gas, coal, oil) and Romania (electric energy). -National Strategy for alternative sources of energy has been adopted (2008).
WEARNESSES OF EARTH OBSERVATION SERVICES REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 1. Limited capacity of local government to provide technical assistance for Earth observation; 2. A natinal monitoring system of the hazardos natural phenomena is missing; 3. Local government is not enough conscious from Disasters Risks: - Disasters Risks Knowledge is not requested in land - use planning; - Not enough activities securing the vulnerable objects; - No activities preparing the population Working Strategic goal: together to identify the problems and improve Earth observation services
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Districts Vulnerability at Emergency Incidents high moderate low