MP3 Vocab List Chapter 10 & 11 Mitosis Anaphase Mitosis Cell Cycle Telophase Cytokinesis Cell Division Metaphase 4 Daughter Cells Prophase Meiosis Diploid Somatic Cells Interphase Haploid Parent Cell Gametes Daughter Cell G1 phase 2 Daughter Cells G2 phase Cyclins S phase 1). 2). 3). Why do cells divide? To form a duplicate offspring Amoeba Grow and develop (from fertilized egg to adult) Repair Replacement What has to happen before a cell divides? 4). What has to happen before the cell divides? DNA copied. 46 chromosomes about 6 billion A,T,C,G s. About 3 meters of DNA. - AP CD DNA Replication DNA Replication Video Why Do Cells Need To Divide? Some cells (like skin cells) are constantly needing to be replaced, so new cells must be created to take their place Other cells, like neurons and muscle cells, do not need to be replaced as often Gametes need to be produced Sperm and egg cells 1
Cell Cycle The cell s s answer to replacing cells Three main phases: Interphase: cell growth and DNA replication M phase: division of the cellular components Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm Stages in the Life of a Cell 1. Interphase- This is where the cell spends most of it s life. This phase includes the following sub phases. a. G1 phase= = growth and activity by the cell (normal activities) b. S phase= = chromosomes replicate c. G2 phase= = final preparations for cell division (mitosis or meiosis) S Phase: DNA Replication What is a Chromosome? How many chromosomes do humans have? If the DNA is to be divided later, it needs to be replicated (doubled) now DNA Replication What is a chromosome? How many do we have? Karyotype DNA Coiling to form Chromosomes Chromosome: packaged DNA Chromatid: One of two identical strands Results from DNA replication (copying) Centromere: : Region where 2 sister chromatids join together. Sister chromatids and centromere. Cell cycle Cell Division is one cell replicating itself to replace old, damaged cells, or to make reproductive cells. There are two types of cell division: Mitosis Meiosis 2
Mitosis One cell divides to make two exact copies of itself to replace dead or damaged cells, or to reproduce. This is occurring all the time. Think about how often skin cells need to be replaced? Hands On Mitosis a meiosis View the process * Use to define phases Use the AP CD What is happening in the following phases: Phases of mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase What is Mitosis (or M-Phase)? Mitosis: : A diploid parent cell (one with 46 chromosomes) splits to create two diploid daughter cells Four sub-phases: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Define: chromatid, centromere, centriole, spindle Online Activity Onion Root Tip Cells Prophase Chromosomes coil up & form chromatids attached by a centromere, the nuclear envelope dissolves. This stage consumes nearly 50% of time spent in mitosis. In animal cells, centrioles separate and form a cluster of microtubules called the spindle Chromosomes attach to spindles & line up in the middle of the cell. This is the shortest stage in mitosis. Metaphase Centromeres split & chromosomes are pulled apart by spindles. Anaphase is completed when chromosomes stop moving. Anaphase Telophase Microtubules of the spindles break apart, nuclear membrane reforms and chromosomes spread out. - Cleavage furrow is present in animal cells. - Cell plate begins to form in plant cells. 3
Cytokinesis Cytokinesis is where the cytoplasm divides. Starts during anaphase and telophase and is completed shortly after mitosis. All Phases of the Cell Cycle Go to cells alive Result = complete separation of the original parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Cell Cycle What controls the cell cycle? Cyclin is a protein that regulates the timing of the cell cycle in all Eukaryotic cells. If cells don t t respond to the amount of cyclin present, they can grow uncontrollably (cancer). Cancer animation What controls the production of proteins? Cell cycle Cell Division is one cell replicating itself to replace old, damaged cells, or to make reproductive cells. HOW DOES A CELL KNOW WHAT IT IS GOING TO BECOME? Stem Cell 1 Stem Cell 2 Specialized Cells Cell specialization means that specific cells are uniquely suited to carry out certain functions. Ex: Neurons - carry messages throughout the body Ex: Macrophages- protect from disease In multicellular organisms, specialized cells form tissues,, tissues form organs and groups of organs make up organ systems. 4
Levels of Organization: Tissues Organs Organ System Tissue- - A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform similar functions. Ex: Blood Organs- - A group of tissues that work together to perform a certain function. Ex: Eye Organ system- - group of organs that perform closely related functions. Ex: Muscular system 1 2 3 4 5 Meiosis Meiosis- - forming 4 haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent. This is used in the production of gametes. Gametes: are the sex cells Example: egg and sperm cells Define: homologous chromosomes, tetrads, haploid, diploid (p. 132) Fertilization In Vitro Fert Sexual Reproduction Meiosis Is a double mitosis, which results in half the number of chromosomes There are two sets of phases: Meiosis I - Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I / Cytokinesis Meiosis II - Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II / Cytokinesis Prophase I Nuclear membrane dissolves, centrioles split up, spindles form Metaphase I Homologous chromosomes line up in center and form tetrads. Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes pulled by spindle fibers (microtubules) to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase I / Cytokinesis Two haploid daughter cells are created. This step is both the end of meiosis I and the beginning of meiosis II. Metaphase II Chromosomes line up and centromeres split. Spindle fibers pull apart chromosomes. Anaphase II Chromosomes pulled by spindle fibers (microtubules) to opposite sides of the cell. Telophase II Microtubules of the spindles break apart, nuclear membrane reforms and chromosomes spread out. Cytokinesis The cytoplasm divides and the end result is four haploid daughter cells. 5
If a diploid cell containing a chromosome number of 42 divides through meiosis, how many daughter cells will be produced? What is the chromosome number of each of the cells? Review of the Cell Cycle Cell Cycle Cell Cycle Game DNA Packaging: http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_dna_coiling.htm DNA Replication: http://www.johnkyrk.com/dnareplication.html Hands-on: http://biologyinmotion.com/cell_division/ View the process: http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations/mitosis.html See the process: http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm Cell Cycle: http://www.csuchico.edu/~jbell/biol207/animations/mitosis.html Cloning: http://www.toppermost.biz/cloning.html Stem Cells: http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/stemcells/whatissc/ Mitosis Vs. Meiosis Mitosis vs. Meiosis Review Mitosis/Meiosis/DNA Mitosis Mitosis vs. Meiosis Meiosis # of Daughter Cells Type of Daughter Cell Difference in Chromosome Alignment Mitosis Meiosis Cells in the testicles of males will divide through meiosis to produce four haploid sperm cells. Cells in the ovaries of females will divide to produce one haploid egg cell. Only one egg cell is released per month. 6
Bacterial Binary Fission Mitosis Timeline What is a chromosome? How many do we have? Chromosome Karyotype Pic of Chromosomes DNA Coiling to form Chromosomes Define: Parent cell Daughter cell Diploid Haploid Mitosis Meiosis Cell Cycle Terms 7
Portfolio Requirements What is chromatin? Vocab Vocab/Objectives M/M Vocab Terms (orange sheet) Vocab list with definitions (3) Labs Mitosis Lab sheet (microscopes/computer) Daily Work Chapter 5 problems M/M pipecleaner activity Mitosis diagram Mitosis/Meiosis questions w.s. Section 6-2 Meiosis outline Comparing Mitosis/Meiosis table DNA Coiling to form Chromosomes Page: 344-346 Know the following terms: - Histones - Nucleosomes 8