Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
DNA The information molecule Sequences of bases is a code DNA organized in to chromosomes Chromosomes are organized into genes What do the genes actually say???
Reflecting back to Mendel Mendel understood characters and basic inheritance patterns Example - pea s stem length Dominant tall; recessive short Mendel did not understand the physiological basis for this difference Short pea plants lack gibberellins, hormones which stimulate the elongation of stems Why do short pea plants lack gibberellins? They are missing a key protein which serves as an enzyme required in gibberellin's synthesis
In other words DNA gene protein Proteins are the link between the genotype and the phenotype The process by which DNA directs protein synthesis is known as gene expression
Gene expression Two steps Transcription making a copy of the gene in the form of messenger RNA (mrna) Translation - converting the information into the correct sequence of amino acids; ribosomes and transfer RNA (trna)
There are subtle differences between the gene expression process as seen in prokaryotes and eukaryotes No nucleus in prokaryotes Pre-MRNA in eukaryotes
Process of transcription Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells mrna will be synthesized as a copy of a gene from the DNA template RNA polymerase enzyme separates the strands of DNA and adds the RNA nucleotides which correspond to the complementary bases on the DNA template Remember Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA molecules!!!
Transcription begins at special sequences of bases called promoter sites RNA polymerase begins the synthesis of the mrna transcript here The new mrna transcript grows in a 5 3 direction The RNA polymerase complex moves down the DNA template until the terminator sequence is reached, signaling the end of the gene.
So, if the mrna strand grows 5 3 The DNA template is read 3 5 In eukaryotes transcription rates may be as fast as 60 nucleotides per second
mrna is organized into codons Sequences of three bases Using the four bases (A,U,G,C) there are 64 possible combinations 4 3 =64 As we will see, each codon will ultimately code for a particular amino acid ~20 naturally occurring amino acids
In Eukaryotes, this occurs in the nucleus The initial mrna transcript (called premrna) now must be processed to remove the non-coding regions Introns non-coding regions Add the cap and tail signals to the start and end of the mrna molecule
Translation Literally a translation from nucleic acid language In the form of codons on mrna To amino acid language In the form of correct sequence of amino acids to make a polypeptide In eukaryotes this occurs in the cytoplasm in conjunction with ribosomes and trna
Ribosomes Constructed of ribosomal RNA and proteins Large and small ribosomal subunits mrna binding site A site P site E site
Is responsible for bringing the correct amino acid to the ribosome-mrna complex trna will bind to specific codons on mrna using anticodons Transfer RNA
Creation of a polypeptide trna binds to A site GTP GDP Like ATP Loses phosphate; releases energy Dehydration synthesis peptide bond forms between adjacent amino acids Ribosome moves Growing polypeptide and trna now at P site, A site open and new trna with amino acid joins GTP GDP Ribosome moves again trna now on exit site and is removed
Final step A release factor binds to the A site (at a stop codon on mrna) and hydrolyzes the bond between the trna in the P site and the last amino acid in the polypeptide chain
Overview for review!!!
Mutations and the effect on genes Mutations are changes in the genetic material of a cell Large scale mutations which compromise large portions of chromosomes and many genes may cause a host of problems Point mutations are chemical changes in just one base-pair of a gene
Sickle celled anemia is can be traced back to such a point mutation