Math 2 Variable Manipulation Part 3 Polynomials A

Math 2 Variable Manipulation Part 3 Polynomials A 1 MATH 1 REVIEW: VOCABULARY Constant: A term that does not have a variable is called a constant. Example: the number 5 is a constant because it does not have a variable attached and will always have the value of 5. Term: A constant or a variable or a product of a constant and a variable is called a term. Example: 2, x, or 3x 2 are all terms. Polynomial: An expression formed by adding a finite number of unlike terms is called a polynomial. The variables can only be raised to positive integer exponents. Note that there are no square roots of variables, no fractional powers and no variables in the denominator of any fractions. Example A: 4x 3 6x 2 + 1 is a polynomial Example B: x ½ - 2x -1 + 5 is NOT a polynomial Monomial, Binomial, Trinomial: a polynomial with only one term is called a monomial. A polynomial with two terms is called a binomial and a polynomial with three terms is a trinomial. Examples: 6x 4 (monomial) 5x + 1 (binomial) 2x 2 x + 3 (trinomial) Standard (General) Form: Polynomials are in standard form when written with exponents in descending order and the constant term is last. Example: 2x 4 5x 3 + 7x 2 x +3 is in standard form Degree: The exponent of a term gives you the degree of the term. For a polynomial, the value of the largest exponent is the degree of the whole polynomial. Example A: -3x 2 has degree two Example B: 2x 4 5x 3 + 7x 2 x + 3 has a degree four Coefficient: The number part of a term is called the coefficient when the term contains a variable and a number. Example A: 5x has a coefficient of 5 Example B: -x2 has a coefficient of -1 Leading coefficient: The leading coefficient is the coefficient of the first term when the polynomial is written in standard form. Example: The leading coefficient of 2x 4 5x 3 + 7x 2 x + 3 is 2 General Polynomial: anx n + an-1 x n-1 +... a2x 2 + a1x + a0 where an is the Leading Coefficient, anx n is the leading term, the degree is n and a0 is a conatant.

2 ADDING AND SUBTRACTING POLYNOMIALS Polynomials is a word that describes a bunch of terms added to or subtracted from each other. A monomial has just one term, a binomial has two terms and a trinomial has three terms. A polynomial has any number of terms. Adding or subtracting polynomials is just combining like terms. If parentheses separate some terms from other terms, then make sure to distribute the + or the into all the terms inside the parentheses. Example: (3x 2 + 5x - 7) - (x 2 + 12) =? Solution: Add up the number of x 2, x and constants separately. (3x 2 + 5x - 7) - (x 2 + 12) = (3x 2 - x 2 ) + 5x + (-7-12) = 2x 2 + 5x - 19 MULTIPLYING MONOMIALS To multiply monomials, multiply the numbers and the variables separately. The numbers are multiplied as normal and the exponents of the variables are added together. Example: 2a x 3a =? Solution: 2a x 3a = (2 x 3)(a x a) = 6a 2 Multiplying a monomial by a binomial is the same as distributing the monomial into the binomial. Example: 2a(3a 4) =? Solution: 2a*3a 2a*4 = 6a 2 8a 1. Simplify: x 2 + 60x + 54 59x 82x 2 2. (3a 2 + 1) (4 + 2a 2 ) =? 3. (-4k 4 + 14 + 3k 2 ) + (-3k 4 14k 2 8) =? 4. For all x, x 2 (3x 2) + 2x(4x 1) =? 5. Simplify the following: 2x + 3x 5x(2 + x) + 4 x(3 + 4)

3 SOLVING "IN TERMS OF" Some equations have more than one variable, more than one unknown. To solve an equation for one variable in terms of another means to isolate the one variable that you are solving for on one side of the equation, leaving an expression containing the other variable on the other side. Example: Solve 3x - 1Oy = -5x + 6y for x in terms of y Solution: Isolate x on one side and y on the other by adding 5x to both sides and adding 10y to both sides. Then divide both sides by 8. 3x - 10y = -5x + 6y 3x + 5x = 6y + 1Oy 8x = 16y x= 2y Equivalent Forms Besides plugging in numbers to get an answer, solving in terms of x or another variable, there are ways to simplify equations and express them as equivalent equations. This can be accomplished in many ways. Equations will be equivalent as long as all mathematical rules are followed. Example: Which expression below is equivalent to w(x (y + z))? a. wx wy wz b. wx wy + wz c. wx y + z d. wx y - z e. wxy + wxz Solution: To find an equivalent for the given expression, use the distributive property. First, evaluate the inner parentheses according to the order of operations, or PEMDAS. Distribute the negative sign to (y + z) to get w(x y z). Next, distribute the variable w to all terms in parentheses to get wx wy wz or A. Choice by fails to distribute the negative sign to the z term. Choices C and D only distribute the w to the first term. Choice E incorrectly distributes wx to the (y + z) term. 6. If the expression x 3 + 2hx - 2 is equal to 6 when x = -2, what is the value of h? 7. Solve for x in terms of y: 2x + 8y = 4 8. 2r 3 + 4s 5 is equivalent to: a. 2r+4s 8 b. 2r+4s 15 c. 2(r+2s) 15 d. (10r+12s) 15 e. 2(10r+12s) 15

MULTIPLYING BINOMIALS-FOIL When multiplying two binomials, distribute both terms in the first binomial to both terms in the second binomial. We commonly call this the FOIL method. FOIL: First, Outer, Inner, Last. 4 Example: (2x + 3)(4x 5) Solution: First multiply the First terms: 2x * 4x = 8x 2 Next the Outer terms: 2x * -5 = -10x Then the Inner terms: 3 * 4x = 12x And finally the Last terms: 3 * -5 = -15 Then add together and combine like terms: 8x 2-10x + 12x - 15 = 8x 2 + 2x - 15 Visual solution to the right 9. FOIL the following: (x 5)(2x + 3)? 10. The expression (2x 3)(x + 8) is equivalent to: 11. The expression (3x 4y 2 )(3x + 4y 2 ) is equivalent to: FACTORING OUT A COMMON TERM A factor common to all terms of a polynomial can be factored out. All three terms in the polynomial 3x 3 + 12x 2-6x contain a factor of 3x. Pulling out the common factor yields 3x(x 2 + 4x - 2). Remember that if you factor a term out completely, you are still left with 1. Example: 6x 2 + 9x + 3 Solution: Factor a 3 out of everything. You're left with 3(2x 2 + 3x + 1). 12. 36x 2-64y 4 13. 3x 3 + 27x 2 + 9x

FACTORING OTHER POLYNOMIALS-FOIL IN REVERSE To factor a quadratic expression, think about what binomials you could use FOIL on to get that quadratic expression. To factor x2-5x + 6, think about what First terms will produce x what Last terms will produce + 6, 2 and what Outer and Inner terms will produce -5x. In other words, if there is no number in front of the first term, you are looking for two numbers that add up to the middle term and multiply to get the third term. So here, you'd want two numbers that add up to -5 and multiply to 6. (Pay attention to sign-negative vs. positive makes a big difference here!) The correct factors are (x - 2)(x - 3). You can also solve for x for each factor. In this case x = 2 and x = 3. Note: Not all quadratic expressions can be factored. Example: Factor the expression x 2 + 5x + 6 Solution: Since the first term is x 2, the first numbers in each binomial will be x. Next, find two numbers that multiply to be +6 and add to be +5. The factors that multiply to +6 are: 1 & 6-1 & -6 2 & 3-2 & -3 The only factors that also add to +5 are 2 & 3. So the answer is (x + 2)(x + 3) 14. Factor x 2-2x - 8 5 15. a 2 - a - 90 16. p 2 + 11p + 10 FACTORING: SPECIAL CASES Factoring the difference of squares: One of the test maker's favorite classic quadratics is the difference of squares. a 2 - b 2 = (a - b)(a + b) Example: x 2-9 Solution: x 2-9 factors to (x - 3)(x + 3) Factoring the square of a binomial: There are two other classic quadratics that occur regularly on the ACT: a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = (a + b) 2 a 2-2ab + b 2 = (a - b) 2

Example: 4x 2 + 12x + 9, Solution: 4x 2 + 12x + 9 factors to (2x + 3)(2x + 3) which can be written (2x + 3) 2 Example: n 2-10n + 25 Solution: n 2-10n + 25 factors to (n - 5) (n - 5) which can be written (n - 5) 2 6 Note: Recognizing a classic quadratic can save a lot of time on Test Day-be on the lookout for these patterns. Any time you have a quadratic and one of the numbers is a perfect square, you should check for one of these three patterns. 17. For all n, (3n+ 5) 2 =? 18. For all x,(3x + 7) 2 =? 19. ( 1 3 a b)2 =? More 20. (4 + 3x 2 + 8x 3 ) + ( 7x 3 + 12x 5 + 6x 2 ) 21. (3x + 5)(3x 6) 22. (8n + 1)(6n 3)

MATH 2 LEVEL: OTHER METHODS OF MULTIPLYING TWO BINOMIALS 7 23. (x + 7)(x 3) 24. (3x 5)(x + 2) 25. (2x + 3)(4x + 1) 26. (3x y)(3x + y) 27. (2x + 7) 2 28. (3 5x) 2

8 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FOR X The purpose of factoring a quadratic equation is to find the values of x in a simple way. If a quadratic equation is equal to zero, then the values of x can be found by setting each binomial equal to zero. This is called finding the zeros of a quadratic. Example: Solve for k, when k 2 13k + 40 = 0 Solution: The equation k 2 13k + 40 can be factored to be (k 5)(k 8) Next set each of these binomials = 0 and solve for k k 5 = 0 (add 5 to each side) and k = 5 k 8 = 0 (add 8 to each side) and k = 8 So, the values of x are 5 and 8. If the equation is not in the form of a trinomial = 0, then rewrite the equation so it is equal to 0 and then factor and set each binomial = 0. Example: Solve for x, when x 2 + 4x = -3 Solution: Add 3 to both sides to get x 2 + 4x + 3 = 0 Then factor the equation to get (x + 1)(x + 3) = 0 Set each binomial = 0 and solve for x. x + 1 = 0 (subtract 1 from both sides) and get x = -1 x + 3 = 0 (subtract 3 from both sides) and get x = -3 The solutions for x are -1 and -3 Note: If the binomials are the same (special case perfect square) you will only have one value for x. 29. b 2 + 16b + 64 = 0 30. w 2 + 2w = 24 31. a 2 + 11a = -18

COMPARING EQUATIONS (EQUAL TO) Another method used to solve equations is when part of both sides of the equation is the same. When comparing two problems, set part of the equations to be the same, then set the rest of the equation to be equal and solve. Look at the problem to determine similarities. In many problems, set the base to be the same. 9 Example: If 9 2x-1 = 3 3x+3, then x -? Solution: Express the left side of the equation so that both sides have the same base: 9 2x-1 = 3 3x + 3 (3 2 ) 2x 1 = 3 3x + 3 3 4x 2 = 3 3x + 3 Now that the bases are the same, just set the exponents equal: 4x 2 = 3x + 3 4x 3 = 3 + 2 X = 5 Other problems will have similar numerators or denominators. Make them exactly the same and set the rest of the equation to be equal. Example: What is the sum of all solutions to 4x = 4x x 1 2x+2? Solution: Since the numerators are both 4x, set the denominators equal to each other x 1 = 2x + 2 -x 2 -x - 2-3 = x 32. In real numbers, what is the solution of the equation 8 2x + 1 = 4 1 - x? 33. Which real number satisfies (2 n )(8) = 16 3? 34. If 3 8x = 81 3x - 2, what is the value of x? 35. If a, b, and c are consecutive positive integers and 2 a x 2 b x 2 c = 512, then a + b + c =? 36. If 4 9 y 11 = 4 9 11, then y =?

10 SIMPLIFYING AN ALGEBRAIC FRACTION Sometimes we don t solve the equation, we just simplify and sometime we simplify so it is easier to solve. Simplifying an algebraic fraction is a lot like simplifying a numerical fraction. The general idea is to find factors common to the numerator and denominator and cancel them. Thus, simplifying an algebraic fraction begins with factoring, which often involves reverse-foil. To simplify x2 x 12, first factor the numerator and denominator: x 2 x 12 x 2 9 x 2 9 = (x 4)(x+3) (x 3)(x+3) Canceling x + 3 from the numerator and denominator leaves you with (x 4) (x 3). 37. For x 2 169, (x 13)2 x 2 169 =? 38. For all a 0 and b 0, a+b b(a+b) 2a(a+b) =? 39. If A + B = 7A+2B and A, B, and x are integers greater than 1, than what must x equal? 30 105 x 40. For all x 1, x2 2x+1 x 1 is equal to? 41. If x is any number other than 3 and 6, then (x 3)(x 6) (3 x)(x 6) =?

11 ADDING ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS (GREATEST COMMON FACTOR IN DENOMINATOR) To add fractions, the denominators must be the same. Therefore, as a common denominator choose the LCM of the original denominators. The least common denominator must be a multiple of the denominator of each of the fractions. First find the least common denominator. Then, convert each fraction to an equivalent fraction with the same denominator by multiplying each fraction by the missing factors. Finally, add the fractions together and reduce as necessary. Example: Add 3 + 4 + 5 ab bc cd Solution: The least common denominator is abcd because each of these variables are included in at least one of the denominators. To change 3 into an equivalent fraction with denominator abcd, simply multiply ab by ab the factors it is missing, namely cd. Therefore, we must also multiply 3 by cd. That accounts for the first term in the numerator. To change 4 into an equivalent fraction with denominator abcd, multiply bc by the factors bc it is missing, namely ad. Therefore, we must also multiply 4 by ad. That accounts for the second term in the numerator. To change 5 into an equivalent fraction with denominator abcd, multiply cd by the factors it is cd missing, namely ab. Therefore, we must also multiply 5 by ab. That accounts for the last term in the numerator. Remember that EACT factor of the original denominators must be a factor of the common denominator. 3 + 4 + 5 ab bc cd = 3cd+4ad+5ab abcd Example: When adding fractions, a useful first step is to find the least common denominator (LCD) of the fractions. What is the LCD for these fractions? 2, 13, 2 3 2 x5 5 2 x7x11 3x11 3 a. 3 x 5 x 7 x 11 b. 3 2 x 5 2 x 7 x 11 c. 3 2 x 5 2 x 11 3 d. 3 2 x 5 2 x 7 x 11 3 e. 3 2 x 5 3 x 7 x 11 4 Solution: The least common denominator must be a multiple of the denominator of each of the three given fractions. Take the factors of each denominator (3, 5, 7, 11) to the highest powers they appear: 3 2 (first fraction), 5 2 (second fraction), 7 (second fraction), and 11 3 (third fraction). This results in 3 2 x 5 2 x 7 x 11 3, choice D. Choice E is the product of all three denominators and its wrong because choice D is smaller and still a multiple of all three denominators; in other words, both are common denominators but D is the least. 42. What is the least common denominator for the expression below? 1 + 1 + 1 a 2 x b x c b 2 x c b x c 2

43. 7v 8v 4 8 5v 2 12 44. 4 n + 7-7 n 2 45. 2 x + 3-6x 2x + 1 46. 4x x + 3-4x x + 6 47. Simplify: 4y 6(x 2)(x+5) + 2y 3x(x+5) 48. Simplify: 3 4(x 2 1) - 2 (x 1)(x 2)

Answer Key 13 1. -81x 2 + x + 54 2. a 2 3 3. -7k 4-11k 2 + 6 4. 9x 2 5x + 2 5. -5x 2 12x + 4 6. -4 7. -4y + 2 (10r+12s) 8. 15 9. x 2 7x 15 10. 2x 2 + 13 24 11. 9x 2 16y 4 12. 4(9x 2-16y 4 ) 13. 3x(x 2 + 9x + 3) 14. (x + 2) and (x - 4) 15. (a 10)(a + 9) 16. (p + 10)(p + 1) 17. 9n 2 + 30n + 25 18. 9x 2 + 42x + 49 1 19. ab + b2 9 a2 2 3 20. 12x 5 + x 3 + 9x 2 + 4 21. 9x 2 3x 30 or 3(x 2 x 10) 22. 48n 2 18n 3 or 3(16n 2 6n 1) 23. x 2 + 4x 21 24. 3x 2 + x 10 25. 8x 2 + 14x + 3 26. 9x 2 - y 2 27. 4x 2 + 28x + 49 28. 25x 2-30x 9 29. (b + 8) 2 so b = -8 30. (w + 6)(w 4) so w = -6 and 4 31. (a + 2)(a + 9) so a = -2 and -9 32. -1/8 33. 9 34. 2 35. 9 36. 11 (x 13) 37. (x+13) 1 38. b 2a 39. 210 40. x 1 41. -1 42. a 2 x b 2 x c 2 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 35v 2 78v + 32 8(5v 2) 3n 57 (n + 7)(n 2) 14x + 2 6x 2 (2x + 1)(x + 3) 12x (x + 3)(x + 6) 4yx 4y 3x(x 2)(x+5) 3(x 2) 8(x+1) 4(x+1)(x 1)(x 2)