Sedimentary Rocks
A Sedimentary Rock is.. rock formed from the lithification or crystallization of: 1. Minerals in solution 2. Organic remains 3. Materials produced by living things (biochemical) 4. Clastic Sediments (rock fragments of all sizes)
Lithification-to harden and form rock (Deposition, Compaction, Cementation)
Silica Crystals
Crystallization- Solidification of dissolved minerals from solution.
Types of Sedimentary Rocks Clastic-Made of fragments of other rocks. Chemical-Made from dissolved minerals. Biochemical-Made by living things, but was never alive (seashells). Organic-Made of the organic remains of living things.
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks- Gravel Conglomerate
Conglomerate from gravel Clastic Sedimentary Rocks from mud from sand
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks- Gypsum
Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks- Biochemical Limestone
Swamp Organic Sedimentary Rocks- Coal
Sediment- Rock fragments, dissolved minerals and remains of living and nonliving parts of plants and animals.
Clastic Sediments- Fragments of pre-existing rock.
Sand Bar
Gravel Bar
Tallus Pile
Glacial Sediment
Chemical Sediments- Minerals in solution in water.
Biochemical Sediments- Nonliving remains of plants and animals.
Organic Sediments-remains of the living tissues of plants and animals.
Peat- Plant remains
Sedimentary Rocks are identified by their horizontal layers called.
Sediment Classification I Sediments Are Classified Based On: 1. Origin and Composition (What they are made of).
Rock Fragments
Organic Remains
Biochemical Remains
Chemical Sediments
Sediment Classification II 2. Size of the sediment (clastic sediments range in size from clay to boulders)
B o u l d e r s
Cobble Stones
Gravel
Pebbles
S a n d
Silt
Clay Sediments
Sediment Production Sediments are produced by: by: Weathering (breaking down) and Erosion (transport) of Parent material Chemical and Physical Processes.
Weathering by wind-blown sand (Physical weathering)
Weathering and Erosion by Glacier (physical)
Glacier Scrapes
Weathering by Ice Wedging (Physical)
Exfoliation (Physical)
Weathering by Living Things (Biomechanical/Physical)
Chemical Weathering by water
Chemical Weathering of Limestone
Weathering by Living Things (Biochemical)
Sediment Transport Sediments are transported from: by: Source to Location of Deposition Wind, Water, Gravity, Ice and Volcanic- Eruption
Transport Mechanisms
Wind
Water
Ice
Gravity
Volcanic Eruption
Sediment Characteristics Determined by: Extent of Weathering Duration of Weathering Type of Transport Distance of Transport
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification Clastic Sedimentary rocks are classified based upon: Grain Size Grain Shape
Grain Size
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification: Grain Shape
Jagged Clastic Sediments
Rounded Clastic Sediments
Conglomerate
How Sedimentary Rocks are Formed
Step 1: Sediment Production Mechanical Weathering Chemical Weathering Biomechanical Weathering Biochemical Weathering
Step 2: Sediment Transport Wind Water Glaciers Gravity Volcanic Eruption
Shaping of Sediments
Step 4: Sorting of Clastic Sediments
Sorting of Sediments Sediments are Sorted by their Transport Agents According to: S I z e of the Sediment And The Force and Energy of the transport agent
Sorting of Sediments Very Poorly Sorted Very Well Sorted
Poorly Sorted Clastic Sediments
Sorting of Sediments: Glaciers
Step 5:Lithification: Deposition Deposition (to lay down) happens when: -the Transport Agent no longer has the energy/force required to carry the Sediment Determined by: -Size/Weight of Sediments -Amount of Energy/Force in Transport Agent
Step 6: Lithification: Compaction
Step 7: Lithification: Cementation
Conglomerates, Sandstone and Shale
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Names: Particle Size and Shape The name of a Clastic Sedimentary Rock is determined by the size and shape of the sediments that make up the rock.
Clastic Sedimentary Rock Names: Sediment Particle Size Gravel Sand Silt Clay Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone Shale
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Sandstone Siltstone Mudstone
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Mudstone and Siltstone Arkose
Sedimentary Rocks of Chemical Origin
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Precipitation and Evaporation
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Evaporites Gypsum Halite
Travertine Stalactites
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Evaporites Salt Flats
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Carbonates The Carbonate Sedimenatary Rocks are composed of mostly Calcium Carbonate. The Carbonates are divided into: Inorganic Carbonates And Biochemical Carbonates (contains remains of living things)
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates Travertine
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates Travertine
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Inorganic Carbonates Inorganic Limestone
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Silica-based Sedimentary Rocks Chert (Flint) Nodules
Geodes
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Biochemical Carbonates Stromatolitic Limestone Biochemical Limestone
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Biochemical Carbonates Biochemical Limestone
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Biochemical Carbonates Coquina Chalk
Sedimentary Rocks of Organic Origin
Organic Sedimentary Rocks: Coal
Sedimentary Formations
Stratification
Graded Bedding
Cross-Bedding Bedding Planes not Parallel
Ripple Marks Beach River
M u d c r a c k s
Mud Cracks
Fossils
Fossils: Molds
Fossils: Casts