Table of Contents Chapter Preview 4.1 Photosynthesis 4.2 Respiration 4.3 Cell Division 4.4 Cell Differentiation
Chapter Preview Questions 1. All living things are made of a. tissues. b. muscles. c. cells. d. chemicals.
Chapter Preview Questions 1. All living things are made of a. tissues. b. muscles. c. cells. d. chemicals.
Chapter Preview Questions 2. Scientists observe the details of cells a. with their bare eyes. b. through microscopes. c. through telescopes. d. in petri dishes.
Chapter Preview Questions 2. Scientists observe the details of cells a. with their bare eyes. b. through microscopes. c. through telescopes. d. in petri dishes.
Chapter Preview Questions 3. Unlike animal cells, many plant cells contain a. chloroplasts. b. mitochondria. c. cytoplasm. d. DNA.
Chapter Preview Questions 3. Unlike animal cells, many plant cells contain a. chloroplasts. b. mitochondria. c. cytoplasm. d. DNA.
Chapter Preview Questions 4. Genetic information in plant and animal cells is in the cell s a. chloroplasts. b. membrane. c. nucleus. d. walls.
Chapter Preview Questions 4. Genetic information in plant and animal cells is in the cell s a. chloroplasts. b. membrane. c. nucleus. d. walls.
How do cells obtain the energy they need to carry out all their functions? Hummingbirds feed on the nectar produced by flowers. Nectar is a sweet liquid composed largely of carbohydrates. What does nectar provide for the cells of the hummingbird?
Greek Word Origins Prefix Meaning Example Word auto- self autotroph An organism that makes food for itself
Greek Word Origins Prefix Meaning Example Word hetero- other, different heterotroph An organism that depends on other organisms for food
Greek Word Origins Prefix Meaning Example Word kinesis motion cytokinesis During cell division, the process in which a cell s cytoplasm divides and organelles move into the two new cells that form
Apply It! The Greek word trophe means food. What two key terms in the table come from this Greek word? How does the meaning of each of these words put two Greek words together? Sample: I see from the table that both autotroph and heterotroph contain the Greek word trophe, with the final e dropped.)
End of Chapter Preview
Section 1: Photosynthesis How does the sun supply living things with the energy they need? What happens during the process of photosynthesis?
Sources of Energy Nearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly from the energy of sunlight captured during photosynthesis.
The Two Stages of Photosynthesis During photosynthesis, plants and some other organisms use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars.
The Photosynthesis Process Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the photosynthesis process.
Photosynthesis Click the Video button to watch a movie about photosynthesis.
End of Section: Photosynthesis
Section 2: Respiration What events occur during respiration? What is fermentation?
Two Stages of Respiration During respiration, cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain.
Photosynthesis and Respiration You can think of photosynthesis and respiration as opposite processes.
Links on Cellular Respiration Click the SciLinks button for links on cellular respiration.
Respiration Click the Video button to watch a movie about respiration.
End of Section: Respiration
Section 3: Cell Division What events take place during the three states of the cell cycle? How does the structure of DNA help account for the way in which DNA copies itself?
Mitosis During mitosis, the cell s nucleus divides into two new nuclei. One copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells.
The Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the cell cycle.
Length of the Cell Cycle How long does it take for a cell to go through one cell cycle? It all depends on the cell. A human liver cell, for example, completes one cell cycle in about 22 hours, as shown in the graph. Study the graph and then answer the following questions.
Length of the Cell Cycle Reading Graphs: What do the three curved arrows outside the circle represent? The longest curved arrow represents the cell s interphase; the shortest represents cytokinesis; and the middle one represents mitosis.
Length of the Cell Cycle Reading Graphs: In what stage of the cell cycle is the wedge representing growth? Interphase
Length of the Cell Cycle Interpreting Data: In human liver cells, how long does it take DNA replication to occur? 10 hours
Length of the Cell Cycle Drawing Conclusions: In human liver cells, what stage in the cell cycle takes the longest time? Interphase
Structure of DNA The DNA molecule, supported by proteins, is shaped like a twisted ladder.
Replication of DNA Because of the way in which the nitrogen bases pair with one another, the order of the bases in each new DNA molecule exactly matches the order in the original DNA molecule.
End of Section: Cell Division
Section 4: Cell Differentiation What is differentiation? What factors influence how and when cells differentiate within different organisms?
Specialized Cells Leaf cell Undifferentiated plant cell Plants have undifferentiated cells in their stems and roots that can give rise to different kinds of cells. Transport cell Root cell
End of Section: Cell Differentiation
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