Unit 7: Cells and Life Name: Period: Test Date: 1
Table of Contents Title of Page Page Number Due Date VIRUS vs CELLS CHECKLIST 3 Warm-ups 4-5 Virus Notes 6-7 Viral Reproduction Notes 8 Viruses VS Cells Notes 9-10 Cell Structure and Function Notes 11-13 Comparing Euk, Pro, and Viruses 14 Cell Match up 16 Cell Poster Activity 17-18 Endosymbiosis Notes 19-20 Cell Scenarios Activity 21-22 Cell and Factory Worksheet 23-24 Unit 7 Vocabulary 25-26 2
Virus vs. Cells Check List Living Cell Evolve over time Contains genetic material (DNA/ RNA) All store genetic information in the form of DNA Can reproduce independently Requires host for reproduction Phospholipid Bilayer Nucleus Ribosomes Membrane bound organelles Viruses Prokaryote Eukaryote 3
UNIT 7 WARM-UPS Question: Date: Answer: Question: Date: Answer: Question: Date: Answer: Question: Date: Answer: Question: Date: Answer: 4
Question: Date: Answer: Question: Date: Answer: Question: Date: Answer: Question: Date: Answer: Question: Date: Answer: 5
Virus Notes What is a Virus? -living particle WHY? Viruses are considered to be non-living because they do NOT: o Carry out o or develop o without the help of a living cell (host) Characteristics of Viruses Only pathogenic (causes ) Viruses are to certain kinds of cells o Ex. HIV infects only Helper T cells Before a virus can replicate, it must to and infect a living cell, called the cell. Virus Structure A virus has simple structure consisting of an inner core of genetic material ( or RNA) and an outer layer called a capsid. This structure is known as a. The two parts of a virus are: o DNA & RNA nucleic acids which play a fundamental role in determining the structure and nature of all living things o - protein shell that surrounds a virus Label the capsid and genetic material in the following viruses 6
Gylcoproteins Projections on ouside of viruses to gain to interior of. 7
Viral Replication Notes Viruses If viruses are non-living, how do they replicate?? They need a cell! Before a virus can replicate, it must attach to and infect a. What kinds of cells? A virus is to a specific kind of cell. Viral Attachment Viruses are specific to certain host cells. They will only attach to a cell if the protein ( ) in its capsid or envelope matches the host cell s protein. Like an enzyme ( and key). If a virus can t, it can t infect the cell. What happens after attachment? Once a suitable host is found, the virus attaches and injects its into the host. The host cell drives the production of new virus particles. The virus uses its host cell s to make more copies of itself. Viral Replication Once in a host, the virus can take one of two paths. 1. Cycle 2. Cycle Two Types of Viral Life Cycles Lytic cycle The rapid reproduction of the entire virus carried out by the host eventually the host cell. Remember, when in the lytic cycle the virus is off so it destroys the cell. LySogenic cycle - cycle The viral DNA is integrated into a host and is replicated destroying the cell. Eventually, the virus exists the lysogenic cycle and enters the cycle. Each time the cell divides, the provirus also divides. Each generation results in infected host cells. Does not destroy host cell provirus enters the lytic cycle. 8
Viruses vs. Cells Characteristics of cells - All cells contain membrane o Regulates what goes in and out of the cell (selective) o Composed of and proteins Cytoplasm o -like substance found on the inside of the cell o Enclosed by cellular membrane Ribosomes o Site of production o Located in cytoplasm Genetic material ( ) Cells Viruses Two Basic Cell Types All cells are either or eukaryotic What is the difference? The location of their karyote = no nucleus present; DNA is in the cytoplasm Eukaryote = nucleus present; DNA surrounded by Prokaryotes a.k.a. Simplest cellular organisms cellular Contain genetic material but no nucleus membrane bound organelles therefore, not many specialized functions. Eukaryotes Complex cellular organisms Unicellular multicellular 9
Contain a and many membrane-bound organelles with specialized functions. Nucleus Controls activities of the cell and holds the genetic information (DNA) Only found in Ribosomes, which are used in protein synthesis, are assembled in an area of the nucleus called the nucleolus. Viruses DNA RNA. Have no of their own. Must be parasitic! Cells DNA Can metabolize food to produce. Can live on their own and through binary fission. 10
Cell Structure and Function Notes Cell Structure Sketch Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic Function What to Remember Nucleus Controls activities of the cell and holds the genetic information (DNA). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane (also referred to as the nuclear envelope). DNA Genetic material made up of genes that are decoded to make proteins (traits). Nucleolus Located within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is the location of ribosome assembly. Plasma or Cell Membrane Selectively regulates what enters and exits the cell. Cytoplasm A jelly-like substance found outside of the nucleus and enclosed by cellular membrane. Ribosomes Located in the cytoplasm and on the rough ER and are the site of protein production. 11
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Transports proteins that are made by ribosomes attached to it. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Makes new lipids and helps to break down toxic substances. Golgi Apparatus/Bo dy A series of flattened, membranebound sacs that serve as the packaging and distribution center of the cell to modify the proteins that travel from the ER before they are released to serve their function. Mitochondria Release energy from organic compounds to make ATP (cellular respiration). Lysosomes Specialized vesicles that contain digestive enzymes and function to digest and recycle the cell s used components. Cytoskeleton A network of protein structures that determines cell shape and provides support for organelles and pathways for cell movement. 12
Cell Wall Helps to support, protect and maintain the shape of the cell. Chloroplasts Use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water (photosynthesis) and are only found in plant cells. Large, central vacuole In plant cells the large central vacuole, stores water and contains many substances, including ions, nutrients, and wastes. Flagella and cillia Tail-like structures that help bacteria move. Pili Hair-like structures that help bacteria stick to surfaces. 13
Comparing Cells Practice Directions: Compare and contrast animal, plant and bacterial cells. You must include, but are not limited to the following words: Nucleus Nuclear membrane/envelope Pili Ribosomes Mitochondria Cytoplasm Lysosome Golgi bodies Chloroplast Cytoskeleton Vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum Central vacuole Cell wall Capsule Genetic material Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell 14
Cell Match Up 16
Cell Poster Activity I. Identify the function. 1. 2. 3. 4. II. Identify the structure. 5. 6. 7. 8. III. Identify the function. 9. 10. 11. 12. IV. Which of the structures are found in plant cells only? 13. V. Identify the structure. 14. 15. 16. 17. 17
VI. Identify the function. 18. 19. 20. 21. VII. Identify the structure. 22. 23. 24. VIII. Identify the following cells: 25. Circle the correct answer. A. Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Plant, Animal or Bacterial cell? Explain your choices. B. Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Plant, Animal or Bacterial cell? Explain your choices. C. Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Plant, Animal or Bacterial cell? Explain your choices. D. Prokaryote or Eukaryote? Plant, Animal or Bacterial cell? Explain your choices. 18
Endosymbiosis Notes WHERE DID CELLS COME FROM? History of Life on Earth Most scientists hypothesize that life on Earth developed through natural and processes. Molecules of - matter reacted chemically during the first billion years of Earth s history. These chemical reactions produced, organic molecules. Energized by the sun and volcanic, these simple molecules formed more- molecules that eventually became the blocks of the first cells. Simple cells with a single of DNA. So how did complex eukaryotes come about? Origins of the Eukaryotic Cell Scientists seem to think they evolved through teamwork: more specifically. This was simulated by the - Experiment Scientists hypothesize that RNA was the -selfreplicating information-storage molecule. RNA catalyzed the assembly of the first. Laboratory experiments have shown that, in water, short chains of amino acids can gather into tiny droplets called. Scientists think the formation of microspheres was the first step to organization. The first cells to form were. where one organism lives inside another to the benefit of both 19
Endosymbiotic Theory Chloroplasts and mitochondria were originally independent that now live inside eukaryotic cells. Endosymbiotic Theory Evidence supports that eukaryotes descended from prokaryotic cells that joined together Evidence for the theory: 1. mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA. 2. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce of the rest of the cell. 3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same as bacteria. 4. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own and make their own proteins. 20
Cell Scenarios Activity Background: There are many structures that are vital to cells. These structures help them with the day-to-day chores inside a cell, when it comes time to reproduce, and generally help them stay alive! Some structures are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, while the membrane-bound organelles are present only in animal and plant cells. Each structure or organelle has a very specific job within the cell and, without them, things would definitely not work as they should. Directions: Read the scenario at each station. Properly identify cell structures and organelles, including those that are missing and hypothesis the consequences of removing these key organelles from a cell. Scenario 1: 1. What is the organelle described? 2. What is its function/ what does it do for the cell (and for you!)? 3. What would be the consequence of removing this organelle from the cell? Scenario 2: Use the images to complete the chart below. Q# Cell Identify the Cell Type Explain how you knew what type of cell it was.what features belong only to that cell? 4 A 5 B 6 C Scenario 3: 7. The missing organelle is. 8. Choose another organelle that is mentioned in the scenario. What would be the consequence of removing this organelle from the cell? 21
Scenario 4: 9. What type of eukaryotic cell are you? 10. What affect would missing your chloroplasts have on you / what process would you no longer be able to carry out? 11. If all of the chloroplasts suddenly disappeared, how would that affect life on earth? Scenario 5: 12. What cell organelle must be missing from your cell? 13. What does this organelle contain that helps it do its job within the cell? 14. Can your cell survive without this organelle? Explain why or why not. Scenario 6: 15. Which cell structure is not working as it should? 16. Suppose that instead of this structure not working property, it disappears! What do you think would happen to your cell? Scenario 7: Use the illustrations to answer the questions below. Q# Cell Type Location of DNA Characteristics of DNA (think shape) 17 Eukaryote 18 Prokaryote 19. Both of these cells have a feature that helps keep regulate what enters and exits the cell what is it? 20. In addition, prokaryotes often have two more layers of protection that the animal cell does not. What are they? 21. What is one similarity between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell? 22
Cell and Factory Worksheet Directions: Complete this worksheet by matching the jobs at a typical factory with the cell organelle and organelle functions. Write the factory jobs in the blank spaces. CELL ORGANELLE ORGANELLE FUNCTION FACTORY PART Cell Membrane Regulates what enters and leaves the cell; where cell makes contact with the external environment Nucleus Controls all cell activity and contains DNA Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Makes lipids (fats), breaks down drugs and harmful substances, and packages up proteins for the Golgi apparatus Builds proteins Golgi Apparatus Makes and transports proteins and other materials out of the cell Lysosomes Digests food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders Mitochondria Breaks down food molecules to make energy Cytoplasm Contains all the organelles and provides the space for cell functions to occur Vacuole Stores water and other materials *Factory jobs are listed on the next page. 23
Factory Parts and Descriptions Shipping and Receiving controls what comes in and what goes out in the factory Factory Floor space within the factory where products are made and business is conducted Finishing and Packaging where products are processed and shipped out Main Office the control center of the factory The Assembly Line where products are made and packaged/substances are broken down Maintenance where wastes and other unwanted materials are collected and broken down The Power Plant where the factory s power comes from Employees individuals who make the products Warehouse where materials are stored 24
UNIT 7 VOCABULARY CELLS 1. Animal Cell-typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. 2. Capsid-the protein shell of a virus. 3. Cells-the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane (if Eukaryotic), and without a nucleus if Prokaryotic. 4. Cell membrane double-layer of phospholipids that forms a boundary between a cell and the surrounding environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell 5. Central vacuole Largest organelle in a plant cell; stores water and may contain many substances, including ions, nutrients, and wastes 6. Chloroplast organelle composed of numerous membranes that are used to convert solar energy into chemical energy; contains chlorophyll 7. Cilia short hair-like structures that cover some or all of the cell surface and help the organism swim and capture food 8. Cytoplasm jellylike substance inside cells that contains molecules and is some cells organelles 9. Cytoskeleton network of proteins, such as microtubules and microfilaments, inside a eukaryotic cell that supports and shapes the cell 10. DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. 11. Endoplasmic reticulum interconnected network of thin, folded membranes that produce, process and distribute proteins a. Rough ER transports proteins that are made by ribosomes attached to it b. Smooth ER helps make new lipids and helps break down toxic substances such as alcohol 12. Endosymbiosis theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms 13. Eukaryotic cell cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelle 14. Flagella (flagellum) whiplike structure outside of a cell that is used for movement 15. Genetic Material-all of the DNA and RNA contained within the cell of a living being. 16. Glycoprotein- Glycoproteins on the viral envelope bind to specific receptor molecules on the host cell, promoting viral entry into the host cell. 17. Golgi apparatus (golgi body) stack of flat, membrane-enclosed spaces containing enzymes that process, sort and deliver proteins 18. Host Cell- a living cell in which a virus multiplies. 19. Lysogenic cycle- Viral replication cycle in which the virus's nucleic acid is integrated into the host cells chromosome; a provirus is formed and replicated each time the host cell reproduces; the host cell is not killed until the lytic cycle is activated. 20. Lysosome organelle that contains enzymes; digests and recycles the cell s components 21. Lytic Cycle-One of the two cycles of viral reproduction (the other being the lysogenic cycle), which is usually considered as the main method of viral reproduction because it ends in the lysis of the infected cell releasing the progeny viruses that will in turn spread and infect other cells. 22. Membrane Bound Organelles-cells contain many membrane-bound organelles. An organelle is an organized and specialized structure within a living cell. 23. Mitochondria (mitochondrion) bean-shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and DNA 24. Nuclear Membrane- the phospholipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells. 25. Nucleolus area in the nucleus in which ribosomes are partially assembled 26. Nucleus organelle composed of a double membrane that acts as a storehouse for most of a cell s DNA 27. Pili hair-like structure that helps bacteria stick to surfaces; also used for conjugation 25
28. Plant Cell-a cell that is a structural and functional unit of a plant. 29. Prokaryotic cell cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelle 30. Ribosome organelle that links amino acids together to form proteins 31. Self-replicating life- any behavior of a dynamical system that yields construction of an identical copy of itself. Biological cells, given suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. https://goo.gl/cjwjua 32. Vacuole organelle that is used to store materials, such as water, food or enzymes, that are needed by the cell 33. Viral Replication- the formation of viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. 34. Virion- a complete virus particle that consists of an RNA or DNA core with a protein coat sometimes with external envelopes and that is the extracellular infective form of a virus 35. Virus- an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host. 26