From Cells to Ecosystems You can organize your ideas by making a list. Look at the following example: Chapter 1 Basic Life Functions 1. Grow and develop 2. Use energy 3. Reproduce 4. Respond to the environment 5. Get rid of wastes Define microorganism and make a list of five different kinds of microorganisms. Microorganism 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Make a list of the parts of a plant cell. 1. 5. 2. 6. 3. 7. 4. 2 Use with textbook pages A2 A65
Compare and Contrast Chapter 1 When you look for ways that things are alike, you compare them. When you look for ways that things are different, you contrast them. Comparing and contrasting can help you understand and remember information. Read the following passage. Then put check marks in the correct boxes of the chart below to compare and contrast a cactus and a fern. Plants have adapted to all the different habitats on Earth. The way plants look often shows ways they have changed to survive in a certain environment. Ferns and cacti are both plants because they have chlorophyll that allows them to make their own food. They both have roots for taking water and nutrients from the soil. But these plants do not look alike because each has special features to help it survive in its environment. Most kinds of cacti live in the desert so they must be able to live in a very dry environment. They have thick, waxy stems that can store water. This enables cacti to survive the hot sun and long dry spells. A fern would die in the hot, desert sun. It prefers a very moist environment. Ferns thrive in shady woodlands where deep shade protects them from drying out and wilting. Most ferns have light, lacy leaves. The shape of the leaves is good for catching rainfall and absorbing moisture from the air. Cactus Fern 1. has thick, waxy stem 2. has light, lacy leaves 3. contains chlorophyll and makes its own food 4. has roots for taking up water and nutrients 5. will die without lots of moisture 6. can live through long dry spells 7. thrives in the desert 8. thrives in shady woodlands Use with textbook pages A2 A65 3
Alike and Different Chapter 1 When you tell ways that things are alike, you are comparing them. When you tell ways that things are different, you are contrasting them. In science, we often compare and contrast living things. You can compare and contrast the way living things look. You can also compare and contrast the way they live or behave. Look at the pictures below and think about how the two animals are alike and different. Rabbit Wolf Complete each statement. 1. A rabbit s body and a wolf s body are alike because they both 2. A rabbit s body and a wolf s body are different because 3. The way a rabbit and a wolf live is different because 4 Use with textbook pages A2 A65
The Cells in Living Things Lesson 1 Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast - questions 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 22 What Are Living Things? 1. Most living things need,,, and. 2. Most living things use to turn food into energy. 3. Plants, people, and other animals are all. 4. The smallest units of living matter are called. 5. When sunlight strikes, the cell can make food for the plant. How Are Plant and Animal Cells Different? 6. cells have food factories called chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll. 7. Plant cells have a thick, stiff outer structure called the that protects and supports the plant cell. 8. An animal cell s thin outer covering is called the. Can You Compare Plant and Animal Cells? 9. Most plant cells and animal cells are different in,, and. 10. Both plant and animal cells are with a jellylike substance. 11. Most cells have a boxlike shape, while cells have a wide variety of shapes. Use with textbook pages A4 A17 5
Fill in the blanks. Lesson 1 How Small Can Organisms Be? 12. Organisms that are too small to see without a microscope are called. 13. The one-celled microorganisms that live in pond water are called. 14. Bacteria are much than most plant, animal, or protist cells. 15. Some are used to make foods such as cheese and buttermilk. 16. Yeast and mushrooms are examples of. How Is an Organism Put Together? 17. Groups of similar cells that work together carrying out a certain job are called. 18. The tissue that covers and protects your body is your. 19. A group of tissues that work together doing certain jobs is a(n). 20. A(n) is a group of organs that work together carrying on life functions. Is It Living? 21. A virus contains a set of plans for living cells. 22. Unlike living things, a virus does not make or use. 6 Use with textbook pages A4 A17
What Are Living Things? Lesson 1 Each number in the diagram tells about a life function of all living things. 1 Living things grow and develop. 2 Living things use energy. They get energy by eating or making food. 3 Living things reproduce, or make more of their own kind. 4 Living things respond to the environment. 5 Living things get rid of wastes. Answer these questions about the diagram above. 1. Living things grow and. 2. Living things use. 3. Living things, or make more of their own kind. 4. Living things respond to the. 5. Living things get rid of. Write the answers to the questions on the lines. 1. Name three ways that you have grown since you were a baby. 2. Name two ways that you respond to your school environment. Use with textbook page A6 7
The Human Digestive System Lesson 1 Several organs work together to do complicated jobs in a plant or animal. The organs that work together form an organ system. Your digestive system is a group of organs that work together to digest your food. Some of the organs break down your food. Others absorb the nutrients from the food and then remove the waste from your body. Mouth Liver Large intestine Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Answer these questions about the diagram above. 1. What organs are connected to the stomach? 2. What does your food pass through before it reaches your stomach? 3. How does the shape of the intestines help give your body the time it needs to absorb nutrients from the food you eat? 8 Use with textbook page A15
The Cells in Living Things Lesson 1 Fill in the blanks. 1. The smallest unit of living matter is a(n). 2. A group of similar cells working together is called a(n). 3. Animals need to turn food into energy. 4. Your heart is a(n) that contains muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and blood tissue. 5. A(n) is any living thing that carries out five basic life functions on its own. oxygen organism cell tissue organ organ system 6. When several organs work together carrying on life functions, they form a(n). Answer each question. 7. How are organs formed? What are some important organs in your body? 8. How are plant cells different from animal cells? 9. How are a bacteria and a virus similar? How are they different? Use with textbook pages A4 A17 9
The Cells in Living Things Lesson 1 shapes cells organisms sunlight tissues oxygen Fill in the blanks. Living things are made up of tiny units called. Protists are tiny that live in pond water and have only one cell. Plant cells have a special green material that helps plants use Instead they use to make food. Animals cannot make food. to turn the food they eat into energy. Different kinds of cells have different that help them do their job. Cells are grouped together to make the and organs that do complicated jobs. 10 Use with textbook pages A4 A17
Classifying Organisms Lesson 2 Fill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast - questions 5, 6, 7 How Are Organisms Classified? 1. To classify organisms, scientists study many of their. 2. The classification system divides organisms into large groups called. 3. Organisms in each kingdom share basic. 4. A trait is a(n) of a living thing. 5. Organisms in the fungus kingdom may have one or many cells, but organisms in the true bacteria kingdom have. 6. All organisms in the ancient bacteria kingdom lack a nucleus, but organisms in the protist, fungus, plant, and kingdoms have a nucleus in their cells. 7. Organisms in the ancient bacteria, true bacteria, protist, and kingdoms can make their own food. 8. An organism that eats, absorbs, or obtains food can be a., b., or c.. 9. An organism that cannot move can be a plant, true bacterium, ancient bacterium, protist, or. 10. An organism that has a nucleus can be an animal, plant, fungus, or. 11. A single-cell organism can be a(n), ancient bacterium, fungus, or protist. Use with textbook pages A18 A27 11
How Can Organisms Be Classified Further? Lesson 2 12. The seven groups that an organism can be classified into are: a., b., c., d., e., f., and g.. 13. The smallest classification group is a(n). How Are Organisms Named? 14. The classification system plays a part in how each is named. 15. The first part of an organism s name uses the organism s name. 16. A genus is a group made up of two or more very similar. 17. The second part of an organism s name uses the organism s name. Have Any Organisms Never Been Classified? 18. So far scientists have named and described about 1.75 million on Earth. 19. Scientists are working to find and classify as many organisms as possible that live in tropical. 20. The clearing of the rain forests affects the that live there. 12 Use with textbook pages A18 A27
To Which Kingdom Does an Organism Belong? This chart organizes information about the kingdoms. Lesson 2 Does The Organism... If Yes,... If No,......have a nucleus?...have many cells?...eat or obtain food?...move?...it can be an animal, plant, fungus, or protist....it can be an animal, plant, or fungus....it can be an animal, fungus, or true bacterium....it can be an animal, protist, true bacterium, or ancient bacterium....it can be a true bacterium or ancient bacterium....it can be a true bacterium, ancient bacterium, fungus, or protist....it can be a true bacterium, ancient bacterium, plant, or protist....it can be a plant or fungus. Answer these questions using the chart above. 1. An organism has many cells. Which kingdoms can it belong to? 2. An organism cannot move. Which kingdoms can it belong to? 3. An organism has a nucleus. Which kingdoms can it belong to? 4. An organism does not eat food. It makes food. Which kingdoms can it belong to? Use with textbook page A21 13
How Can Organisms Be Classified Further? The chart shows the seven groups into which an organism can be classified. Lesson 2 Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Answer these questions about the chart above. 1. What kinds of organisms are found in the family group? 2. Which group of the chart contains only dogs and wolves? 3. Which group of the chart contains lions but no monkeys? 4. Which group of the chart contains birds but no insects? 5. Which group of the chart contains only one type of organism and can only reproduce among itself? 14 Use with textbook page A23
Classifying Organisms Lesson 2 Fill in the blanks. 1. The classification system groups organisms according to similar or characteristics. 2. Organisms that absorb food, contain a nucleus, and cannot move are members of the kingdom. 3. Organisms that eat food, contain a nucleus, and can move from place to place are members of the kingdom. 4. The classification group that has more members than all other groups except a kingdom is a(n). genus kingdoms traits phylum naming system species animal fungus 5. The classification group that has fewer members than all other groups except a species is a(n). 6. The classification group that is made up of only one type of organism that can reproduce only with others like itself is a(n). 7. The first part of an organism s scientific name is its name. 8. The second part of an organism s scientific name is its name. 9. Classification allows people to communicate about organisms by using one. 10. Scientists classify organisms into six groups called : ancient bacteria, true bacteria, protist, fungus, plant, and animal. Use with textbook pages A18 A27 15
Classifying Organisms Lesson 2 true plant kingdoms food fungus traits cells absorb Fill in the blanks. Scientists classify organisms into large groups called. Living things in each kingdom share basic characteristics or. An organism with a nucleus could belong in the animal, plant,, or protist kingdom. Organisms without a nucleus are members of either the ancient bacteria or bacteria kingdom. Members of the fungus kingdom food. Organisms from the fungus kingdom cannot move. Another group of organisms that cannot move belong to the kingdom. Members of the animal kingdom are made up of many and cannot make their own the animal kingdom.. They move from place to place. We are members of 16 Use with textbook pages A18 A27