First Semester Final Exam Study Guide Question Answer Illustration/Example List the three main types of rocks and draw a picture of each. Label the significant features. (Layers, crystals, holes, grains, etc.) Explain how sedimentary rock is created by erosion and weathering. Igneous magma cools crystals, holes Metamorphic heat & pressure wavy layers, foliation Sedimentary straight layers, rough, dull, fossils Rocks break (weathering), sediment moves (erosion), settles in layers (deposition), compacts & cements into sedimentary rock Igneous Holes Erosion Metamorphic Foliated layers Sedimentary compressed together Weathering You are given a light colored rock with dark spots in it that are shiny. Infer about the rock type and explain the evidence. How does each rock type form? Draw a picture that helps you to remember. What does a scratch test show geologists about a certain type of mineral or rock? (Intrusive)Igneous dark, shiny spots are crystals formed by slow cooling underground Igneous fire formed (magma cools) Metamorphic heat & pressure Sedimentary compacting & cementing of layers Hardness of a mineral based on Mohs scale Example - Granite Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Scratch test materials fingernail, glass, steel nail, streak plate, diamond Draw and label the structure of a basic volcano and describe how it erupts. Pressure builds from gasses and magma in the magma chamber until it is too much crater, vent, magma chamber, pipe, ash, lava
What is Mohs Scale used to determine? Hardness of a mineral. 1= softest - 10=hardest What rock type is pictured? How do you know? Metamorphic wavy layers Example marble, gneiss Explain the difference between weathering and erosion. Weathering breaks rocks Erosion moves rocks Weathering Erosion What is it called when minerals are moved from one place to another resulting in layers? List the properties that help identify rock types. Deposition Color, luster, texture, grain size, hardness, streak, break Example - beaches Density Rough smooth Break metallic 1-10 Mohs Cleavage Fracture What are the three volcano types and what are they made of? Cinder ash Shield rock Composite rock & ash Cinder Shield Composite
Draw and label the rock cycle and explain how it works. Explain how igneous rocks are created and then changed into sedimentary rocks. Which type of rock cannot have fossils? Why? Rocks change by weathering & erosion breaking down, compacting & cementing (sedimentary), heat & pressure (metamorphic), melting & cooling (igneous) Igneous rocks are made from cooling and hardening of magma break apart (weathering) - moves(erosion) - deposits in layers compacts & cements (sedimentary rock) Igneous formed by magma which destroys fossils Too hot melts fossils Use the geologic column below to answer questions 1-4. 1. Which rock layer is the oldest? 2. Which rock layer is the newest? 3. How do you know which layers are younger? 4. Is layer C older or newer than layer F? Why? What is a fossil? How are fossils made? 1. Layer F 2. Layer B 3. Law of Superposition; intrusion 4. Newer because it is higher up. Remains of organisms preserved in rock, ice, tar, or amber - Organisms are covered by sediment which replaces Law of Superposition rock layers at the bottom are the oldest Intrusion younger than the layer they cross Rock Ice Tar Amber
What are index fossils and how can they be used to date rock layers? Explain what seismic waves are, name the three types, and which is the most destructive. What is the evidence for the theory of continental drift? Fossils that lived for a short time in many places - Compare to rocks to find age Vibrations created by earthquakes Primary (p) waves, Secondary waves (s), surface waves (most destructive) Fossils, continents fit like a puzzle, rock layers matching, glacier grooves, sea-floor spreading Example - Trilobites (S) waves (P) waves Surface waves Name the three types of plate boundaries, explain their movement, and give one result of each. What causes an earthquake? Divergent spreading / rift valleys Convergent collide volcanoes, trenches Transform side to side - earthquakes Vibrations caused by movement of the lithospheric plates Divergent Convergent Transform What are mid-ocean ridges and what type of boundary occurs there? Ridges places where sea-floor spreading is occurring Divergent boundaries
What is a hot spot? Give two examples of places fueled by hot spots. On Mohs scale of hardness, what are the softest and hardest minerals? Mantle plume that creates volcanoes in the middle of plates Island chains, supervolcanoes, etc. Softest Talc Hardest- Diamond Examples Hawaii, Yellowstone Talc Diamond What is the movement of the plates caused by? After you have completed an experiment and you find that your hypothesis is incorrect, what should be done next? What is the mass Convection in the mantle. Hot magma rises- cools and sinks moving the plates above Change your hypothesis and test again. 272.1g 200 + 70 + 2.1 = 272.1 *always label with grams (g) measurement for the object on the triple beam balance above? Why are safety rules important in the lab? To keep students and teachers safe Safety First
When is it okay to begin using materials in the lab? What is a graduated cylinder used to measure and what label should be used for objects that it measures? What is the measurement of the liquid? When given permission by the teacher GC measures volume of liquids and irregular objects Label with ml for liquids; cm 3 for irregular objects You may begin. Liquids Irregular objects 43 millileters (ml) Check the scale of the GC to be sure it is by 1 What is a meniscus? How do you measure using the meniscus? About how old is the earth? What evidence do scientists have to support this? What are the divisions of geologic time? What happens at the end of each era? Describe intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks and explain the difference between them. Meniscus- the curve of the water in a graduated cylinder Measure from the bottom of the curve 4.5-4.6 billion years old Rocks give the age Eon, Era, Period, Epoch Eras end in mass extictions Intrusive form inside the earth Extrusive- form on the earth s surface Eras end extinctions (dinosaurs = end of Mesozoic era) Intrusive Formation Underground Example Granite (crystals) Meniscus Rocks give relative age Formation Above ground Extrusive Example Pumice (holes)