Chapter 16 Acid-Base Equilibria Learning goals and key skills: Understand the nature of the hydrated proton, represented as either H + (aq) or H 3 O + (aq) Define and identify Arrhenuis acids and bases. Define and identify Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases, and identify conjugate acid-base pairs. Relate the strength of an acid to the strength of its conjugate base. Understand how the equilibrium position of a proton transfer reaction relates the strengths of acids and bases involved. Describe the autoionization of water and understand how [H 3 O + ] and [OH - ] are related Calculate the ph of a solution given [H 3 O + ] or [OH - ] Calculate the ph of a strong acid or strong base given its concentration Calculate K a or K b for a weak acid or weak base given its concentration and the ph of the solution Calculate ph of a weak acid or weak base or its percent ionization given its concentration and K a or K b. Calculate K b for a weak base given K a of its conjugate acid, and similarly calculate K a from K b. Predict whether and aqueous solution of a salt will be acidic, basic, or neutral Predict the relative strength of a series of acids from their molecular structures Define and identify Lewis acids and bases. 1
Acids and Bases Arrhenius -An acid is a substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydrogen ions. -A base is a substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydroxide ions. Brønsted-Lowry -An acid is a proton donor. -A base is a proton acceptor. Acids and bases may be inorganic (7 strong acids, 8 strong bases) or organic (acids have COOH group): Amphiprotic a substance that is capable of acting as an acid or a base e.g. HCO 3-,HSO 4-,H 2 O What happens when an acid dissolves in water? HCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) Cl (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) Water acts as a Brønsted-Lowry base and abstracts a proton (H + ) from the acid. As a result, the conjugate base of the acid and a hydronium ion are formed. 2
Conjugate acids and bases HCN (aq) + H 2 O (l) HClO (aq) + H 2 O (l) NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l) CN - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) ClO - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) Acid and base strength Strong acids are completely dissociated in water. Their conjugate bases are weak. Weak acids only dissociate partially in water. Their conjugate bases are strong. 3
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Acid and Base Strength In any acid-base reaction, the equilibrium will favor the reaction that moves the proton to the stronger base. H 2 O is a much stronger base than Cl -, so the equilibrium lies so far to the right that K is not measured (K>>1). HCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + Cl - (aq) Acetate is a stronger base than H 2 O, so the equilibrium favors the left side (K<1). CH 3 CO 2 H (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + CH 3 CO 2 - (aq) Auto-ionization of water As we have seen, water is amphoteric. In pure water, a few molecules act as bases and a few act as acids. H 2 O (l) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + OH - (aq) This is referred to as autoionization. K w = [H 3 O + ] [OH ] This special equilibrium constant is referred to as the ion-product constant for water, K w. At 25 C, K w = 1.0 10 14 5
The ion-product constant for water Temperature K w = [H 3 O + ] [OH ] 0 C 0.114 10-14 25 C 1.008 10 14 50 C 5.476 10-14 75 C 15.85 10-14 100 C 51.3 10-14 ph and poh scale ph = -log [H 3 O + ] poh = -log [OH - ] At 25 C in pure water, K w = [H 3 O + ] [OH ] = 1.0 10 14 Since in pure water [H 3 O + ] = [OH - ], [H 3 O + ] = 1.0 10-14 = 1.0 10-7 6
ph = -log [H 3 O + ] These are the ph values for several common substances. Three ways to measure ph Litmus paper red-to-blue: basic, ph > 8 blue-to-red: acidic, ph < 5 An indicator A ph meter 7
Seven strong acids Strong acids completely ionize. 100% hydrochloric acid HCl (aq) H + (aq) + Cl - (aq) hydrobromic acid hydroiodic acid chloric acid 100% perchloric acid HClO 4 (aq) H + (aq) + ClO - 4 (aq) nitric acid 100% sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 (aq) Acids: nomenclature Anion name Acid name S 2-, sulfide ion CN -, cyanide ion H 2 S, hydrosulfuric acid HCN, hydrocyanic acid CO 3 2-, carbonate ion CrO 4 2-, chromate ion H 2 CO 3, carbonic acid H 2 CrO 4, chromic acid BrO -, hypobromite ion NO 2-, nitrite ion HBrO, hypobromous acid HNO 2, nitrous acid 8
Acids: nomenclature Anion name Acid name ide ion Cl -,chloride ion hydro ic acid HCl, hydrochloric acid ate ion ClO 3-, chlorate ion ic acid HClO 3, chloric acid ite ion ClO 2-, chlorite ion ous acid HClO 2, chlorous acid Strong bases Strong bases completely dissociate. Hydroxides of the alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) 100% NaOH (aq) Na + (aq) + OH - (aq) heavy alkaline earth metals (Ca, Sr, Ba) (although these have limited solubility) 9
K a and K b HA (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + A - (aq) K c = [H 3 O + ] [A - ] [HA] This equilibrium constant is called the acid-dissociation constant, K a. K a = [H 3 O + ] [A - ] [HA] Dissociation Constants The greater the value of K a, the stronger is the acid. 10
Calculating K a from the ph The ph of a 0.100 M solution of formic acid, HCOOH, at 25 C is 2.38. Calculate K a for formic acid at this temperature. HCOOH (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + HCOO - (aq) We know that K a = [H 3 O + ] [HCOO - ] [HCOOH] To calculate K a, we need the equilibrium concentrations of all three things. We can find [H 3 O + ], which is the same as [HCOO - ], from the ph. Calculating K a from ph Now we can set up an ICE table [HCOOH], M [H 3 O + ], M [HCOO - ], M Initially 0.100 0 0 Change - 4.17 10-3 + 4.17 10-3 + 4.17 10-3 Equilibrium 0.10-4.17 10-3 = 0.0958 4.17 10-3 4.17 10-3 11
Calculating Percent Ionization Percent Ionization = concentration ionized original concentration 100% In this example, [H Percent Ionization = 3 O + ] eq 100% [H 3 O + ] eq = 4.2 10-3 M [HA] initial [HCOOH] initial = 0.10 M 4.2 10 Percent Ionization = -3 100% 0.10 = 4.2% Calculating ph from K a Calculate the ph of a 0.30 M solution of acetic acid, HC 2 H 3 O 2, at 25 C. HC 2 H 3 O 2 (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + C 2 H 3 O 2 - (aq) K a for acetic acid at 25 C is 1.8 10-5. K a = [H 3 O + ] [C 2 H 3 O 2- ] [HC 2 H 3 O 2 ] 12
Calculating ph from K a We next set up an ICE table [HC 2 H 3 O 2 ], M [H 3 O + ], M [C 2 H 3 O 2- ], M Initially 0.30 0 0 Change -x +x +x Equilibrium 0.30 - x 0.30 x x We are assuming that x will be very small compared to 0.30 and can, therefore, be ignored. 100*K a = 100*(1.8 10-5 ) = 0.0018 0.30-x = 0.30-0.0018 0.30 (using sign. figures) In general, the approximation that [HA] eq is effectively equal to [HA] 0 is valid whenever [HA] 0 is greater than 100*K a. Polyprotic Acids have more than one acidic proton If the difference between the K a for the first dissociation and subsequent K a values is 10 4 or more, the ph generally depends only on the first dissociation. 13
Example (polyprotic acids) H 3 PO 4 (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + H 2 PO 4 - (aq) K a1 = 7.5 10-3 H 2 PO 4 - (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + HPO 4 2- (aq) K a2 = 6.2 10-8 HPO 2-4 (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + PO 3-4 (aq) K a3 = 3.6 10-13 H 2 C 2 O 4 (aq) H 3 O + (aq) + HC 2 O 4- (aq) K a1 = 6.5x10-2 HC 2 O 4- (aq) H 3 O + (aq) + C 2 O 2-4 (aq) K a2 = 6.1x10-5 Weak Bases Bases react with water to produce hydroxide ion. 14
Weak Bases B (aq) + H 2 O(l) HB + (aq) + OH - (aq) The equilibrium constant expression for this reaction is: K b = [HB + ] [OH - ] [B] where K b is the base-dissociation constant. Weak Bases K b can be used to find [OH - ] and, through it, ph. 15
ph of Basic Solutions What is the ph of a 0.15 M solution of NH 3 at 25 C? NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l) NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) [NH 4+ ] [OH - ] K b = = 1.8 10 [NH 3 ] -5 ph of Basic Solutions Tabulate the data. [NH 3 ], M [NH 4+ ], M [OH - ], M Initially 0.15 0 0 At Equilibrium 0.15 - x 0.15 x x 16
K a andk b at 25 C K a andk b are related in this way: K a K b = K w Therefore, if you know one of them, you can calculate the other. Reactions of Anions with Water Anions are bases (conjugate base of an acid). As such, they can react with water in a hydrolysis reaction to form OH - and the conjugate acid: X - (aq) + H 2 O (l) HX (aq) + OH - (aq) 17
Reactions of Cations with Water Cations with acidic protons (like NH 4+ ) will lower the ph of a solution. Most metal cations that are hydrated in solution also lower the ph of the solution. Reactions of Cations with Water Attraction between nonbonding electrons on oxygen and the metal causes a shift of the electron density in water. This makes the O-H bond more polar and the water more acidic. Greater charge and smaller size make a cation more acidic. 18
Effect of Cations and Anions 1. An anion that is the conjugate base of a strong acid will not affect the ph. 2. An anion that is the conjugate base of a weak acid will increase the ph. 3. A cation that is the conjugate acid of a weak base will decrease the ph. Effect of Cations and Anions 4. Cations of the strong Arrhenius bases will not affect the ph. 5. Other metal ions will cause a decrease in ph. 6. When a solution contains both the conjugate base of a weak acid and the conjugate acid of a weak base, the affect on ph depends on the K a and K b values. 19
Factors Affecting Acid Strength The more polar the H-X bond and/or the weaker the H-X bond strength, the more acidic the compound. So acidity increases from left to right across a row and from top to bottom down a group. Factors Affecting Acid Strength In oxyacids, in which an -OH is bonded to another atom, Y, the more electronegative Y is, the more acidic the acid. 20
Factors Affecting Acid Strength For a series of oxyacids, acidity increases with the number of oxygens. Strength of an acid increases as additional electronegative atoms are added Arrange the following oxoacids in order of decreasing acid strength: HClO, HClO 2, HClO 3, HBrO (rank strongest to weakest) 21
Factors Affecting Acid Strength Resonance in the conjugate bases of carboxylic acids stabilizes the base and makes the conjugate acid more acidic. Lewis Acids adduct Lewis acids are defined as electron-pair acceptors. Atoms with an empty valence orbital can be Lewis acids. 22
Lewis Bases Lewis bases are defined as electron-pair donors. Anything that could be a Brønsted-Lowry base is a Lewis base. Lewis bases can interact with things other than protons, however. 23