Bio 40S Bio Diversity Mr. Kecman
Worksheets: Prokaryotes, Protists, Fungi Chart on Kingdoms Fungi Kingdom
Diversity of Fungi
Fungi
What are Fungi? httpwww.youtube.com/watch?v=b5rluxt ABGAs://
Fungi Kingdom Fungi are multicellular, non vascular, and have cell walls made of chitin, not cellulose as in plant cells. Many fungi play a key role in decomposition, recycling nutrients since they secrete enzymes to digest their food source externally, absorbing the required nutrients. Some fungi are unicellular such as yeast cells. Multicellular fungi are composed of tiny filaments that are tube like structures called hyphae.
Masses of these hyphae form mycelium, which is the body of the fungus. Thousands of these tiny tubes extend into soil to absorb water and nutrients. This mass of filaments creates huge surface area to volume ratio, particularly advantageous for plants. Why? The fungal filaments and the roots of plants form mycorrhizae. This increases the absorption of minerals and water. >90% of all terrestrial plants have a mutualistic relation with fungi for this reason.
Key Features Fungi don t move. They grow filaments in any directions rapidly instead. The part we see easily of fungi are their fruiting bodies. (Eg. Mushroom) Fungi obtain nutrients from other organisms by decomposing, feeding on living things, or having mutually beneficial relations.
Filaments are only one cell thick, which presents a lot of surface area to allow absorption biological material in every terrestrial environment. Fungi propagate by spores that attach to animals or wind drift. Spores made in great numbers (trillions) Sexual and asexual reproduction. Both involve fruiting body ejecting spores above mycelium.
Sexual/Asexual reproduction
Classification of Fungi 5 different Phyla: Chytrids, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuterimycetes. Classified by reproduction. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dj9m7oc36w M
5 types Chytrids Live in water. Probably all Fungi started this way. Zygote Fungi Live in soil. Asexual and sexual reproduction. Sac Fungi Spores in sac like case. Sexual and asexual reproduction. Live in the forest. Responsible for penicillin.
Club Fungi Reproduce sexually. Fruiting body we call mushroom. Basidiospore is produced on gills and dispersed by wind and water. Imperfect Fungi The ones that don t fit any group yet.
Fungi Affecting Humans Fungus cause plant disease which affect our food source. They cause human disease. (athletes foot, inhaling spores) Can be toxic. (molds release carcinogenic toxins) Antibiotics. (penicillin) Yeast. (baking and beer/wine) Ecological recyclers
Fill in Chart for unit Worksheets for last minutes of class
Wednesday 18 th Lichen Plants intro
Lichen Comes in many shapes and colours.
Lichen are the oldest living organism. They are very resilient organisms. Some have been found to live 10,000 years. They grow very slowly. Lichens are organisms where fungi and algae/bacteria live together. They have no roots and are usually flat.
They share a symbiotic relation. Fungi gives protection to algae/bacteria. In exchange, the fungi receives sugar. Sugar is produced in photosynthesis.
Diversity of Plants Evolutionary origin of plants Key Features/Characteristics Classifying Major groups: Bryophytes Tracheophytes Seedless Non flowering Flowering
Plants: Introduction What characteristics are exhibited by all plants? Multicellular (eukaryotic) Cellulose in cell walls. What's it made of? Can we digest it? Is it healthy for us? Why? Carbopolymer. No, enzyme, but needed to help maintain a healthy colon.
Cont d Autotrophic Produce sugars through photosynthesis (Chloroplast) Terrestrial Alteration of Generation (Sporophyte <diploid> vs. Gametophyte <haploid>) Embryophyte: have protected embryo
How do non Vascular and Vascular plants differ? Nonvascular Bryophytes: Mosses Small, close to the ground (why?) No true roots (rhizoids) No conducting vessels Gametophyte generation dominant to sporophyte generation
Vascular Tracheophytes: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms Have conducting vessels 1. Xylem: transports? 2. Phloem: Transports...? Stomata Absorbes water through root/root hairs Most successful, >90% inhabit all but the harshest of climates Sporophyte dominante to gametophyte generation
Plant Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4l3 r_xjw0i Take some notes as you go!
Thursday 19 th Evolutionary origin of plants
Evolutionary Origin of Plants
Evolutionary Origin of Plants The ancestors of todays plants were photosynthetic protists, probably very similar to today s algae. This concept is supported by several key points of evidence: 1. Use of the same chlorophyll molecules 2. Both have cellulose in their cell walls 3. Store energy in the form of starch molecules 4. DNA analysis shows close relationship
Evolutionary Origin of Plants It stands to reason that todays plants evolved from protists living in fresh water habitats since here, the evolving plants would have to develop ways/ structures that would allow them to withstand changing temperatures (daily and seasonally) as well as periods of drying out (desiccation). Ultimately, the emerging protists would accumulate adaptations that would allow them to be completely terrestrial.
Evolutionary Origin of Plants These early land inhabitants no doubt needed to be close to their watery origins. Here, before the development of vascular systems, they could simply absorb water & nutrients directly from the ground. The evolution of vascular tissue (tubes to carry water and food) throughout the plant body allowed for plants to grow upward towards dryer habitats. Fig. 21-1 p406 Draw on paper use polarbear txt
Key Features of Plants Plants are multicellular, photosynthetic organisms Most distinctive feature is reproduction They have alternating multicellular haploid/diploid generations.
Key Features of Plants Alteration of Generations draw on board: In diploid generation portion of their lifecycle, the plant consists of diploid (2n) cells and is called a sporophyte. This can produce spores (through meiosis) and these haploid cells land on the ground and grow into multicellular haploid plants called gametophytes. These produce male/female gametes (mitosis) which join and eventually grow into 2n sporophyte plants completing this cycle. Fig 21-2 Polarbear
Friday 20 th Key features of plants Adaptations
Terrestrial Life Life on land was very challenging for the first land plants They faced drying winds An inconsistent supply of water No mechanisms through to gather nutrients No watery medium through which the sperm could reach the egg. Difficulty supporting a plant body without the natural buoyancy of water to hold them up
Adaptations Common: Roots (anchor, absorb water/nutrients) Waxy cuticle (limit evaporation) Pores (stomata allow gas exchange) Conducting vessels (transport water/minerals) Lignin (rigid polymer)
A waxy cuticle developed to help reduce the drying effect of the winds.
Slide # 7 Cuticle: waxy layer; covers upper surface Protects leaf against water loss Vessels: transports water, nutrients and food Leaf Cross-Section Cuticle vessels Stoma (Opening) Stoma - singular Stomata - plural
This required stoma to allow for movement of gases into and out of the leaf.
Preventing Water Loss The cuticle does not let oxygen or carbon dioxide pass through it. Pores called stomata permit plants to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Stomata extend through the cuticle and the outer layer of cells. A pair of guard cells border each stoma. Stomata open and close as the guard cells change shape.
Stoma open and close in response to current conditions: - Dry hot weather causes them to close to conserve water - They open during normal conditions to allow CO2 to enter the plant and O2 to leave. Water also escapes at this time.
Roots developed so water could be drawn into the plant from the soil (Increase Surface Area)
Vessels were needed to transport water within the plant
Pollen carry the gametes in the absence of water. First used wind to disperse, then animals because more effective. Development of Pollen
Structural support was needed to grow upright against gravity Lignin reinforced cell walls provided the necessary strength.
Leaf vid https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tn64 8y-Qfw4 Draw leaf cross section for homework, end of class poster
Tuesday: Major Groups of Plants
Major Groups Two major groups: Bryophytes (nonvascular meaning cannot retain or deliver water) Tracheophytes (vascular plants meaning water conducting)
Bryophytes Lack roots, leaves and stems. Are anchored by rhizoids. Rely on diffusion or poor conductive tissue to distribute nutrients. This is why they are small. No stiffening agent. Eg. Liverwort, moss
Bryophyte reproduction
Vascular Plants Distinguished from bryophytes by conducting cells called vessels. Stiffening agent called lignin. These both allow taller growth. Diploid sporophyte generation more evident than haploid gametophyte.
Vascular 2 groups: Seedless vascular plants (Pteridophyte) Seed vascular plants (Spermatophyte)
Seedless Vascular Plants Club mosses, horsetails, ferns
Seedless vascular plants require water for sperm. They do not have seeds, just spores. They used to be the dominant plants type on earth and be much larger. Today, we use there ancient remains for:
Club mosses and Horsetails Club mosses grow a few inches tall. Resemble mosses. Commonly known as ground pine. Horsetails are less than a meter tall. Only 15 species left. Sometimes called scouring rush due to silica in outer layer of cells.
Ferns Most diverse of seedless vascular plants. (12,000) In the tropics, some are still very tall like their ancestors. (carboniferous)
Life cycle of Fern Diagram
Video Bozeman on plant structures? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhp_ voyo7my
Wednesday: Seed plants
Seed Plants dominate the land Why do you think this? Pollen and seeds Pollen are structures that carry sperm-producing cells. Dispersed by wind/animals. Not limited to water meaning they are fully adapted to life on dry land.
Seed Plants dominate the land Seeds are a protective outer layer, and embryonic plant, and food supply. This allows for suspended animation (dormant). Pine Seed Bean Seed
Seed Plants Types Nonflowering (Gymnosperms) Flowering (Angiosperms)
Nonflowering Seed Plants (Gymnosperms) Conifers, Ginkgo's, Cycads
Conifers Evolved before flowering plants. Eg. Conifers. Adapted to cold and dry climates 3 ways: Conifers retain green leaves to grow all year Leaves are covered in thick substance to stop evaporation. The sap has antifreeze.
Life Cycle of Pine
Ginkgo s and Cycads Less abundant now a days. Ginkgo was probably the first seed plant to evolve (Jurassic 208 mill). Gingko tree is either male of female. The female bears a foul smelling seed. Would have been extinct but are still cultivated in Asia. Cycads are large ferns 3-65 feet tall and can live 5000years.
Flowering Seed Plants (Angiosperms)
Flowering Seed Plants (Angiosperms) Dominate the earth for the last 100 million years. Three major adaptations contributed to the enormous success of angiosperms: Flowers Fruits Broad leaves
Angiosperms Flowers are both male and female gametophyte Flowers probably formed when angiosperms made an association with animals (insects) by carrying pollen from plant to plant. Natural selection favored showy flowers.
Angiosperms The ovary surrounding the seed of an angiosperm matures into a fruit. Fruits entice animals to disperse seed. Some pass through digestive track unharmed, others cling to fur of animals such as burrs, others like maple seed fruits make propellers and use wind
Angiosperms Broad leaves capture more sunlight. When water is in short supply, the leaves fall off to reduce evaporation. Have evolved defenses against animals such as thorns, spines, resin, poison, distaste. We use the chemical compounds of these defenses for medicine and food.
Plants
Thursday: Flower Diagram Flower life cycle Flow chart video
(Angiosperm) Flower Diagram
Dicot Monocot Monocot: In monocots, there is only one leaf. Corn, grass, tulips, daffodils, irises, lilies, and palm trees are monocots. Monocots have parallel veins in their leaves. The leaves generally lack stalks at the base. The flowers tend to have petals in multiples of three.
Dicots: Buttercups, peas, roses, sunflowers, maple trees, and dandelions are dicots. The leaves have branching veins. The flowers have petals in multiples of four or five.
Plant Review Video Handout flow chart https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1s dfgzgsfe&index=2&list=pl8d121f2fbca4a FB4
Friday: Review Wrap up slides, take up homework questions, look over diagrams, collect assignments and quizzes.