THE ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING (RS) AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) IN THE FISHERIES SECTOR IN CAMBODIA Nur Syahidah Aimullah Abdul Rahim, Universiti Kuala Lumpur-Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, 1016, Jalan Sultan Ismail, 50250 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email: sya_aim@yahoo.com.my, Tel: 013-453 1861 Siti Syafiqah Razali, Universiti Kuala Lumpur-Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, 1016, Jalan Sultan Ismail, 50250 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email: ssyafiqahr25@gmail.com, Tel: 017-224 6068 Hamidon Katan Universiti Kuala Lumpur-Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, 1016, Jalan Sultan Ismail, 50250 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email: hamidon@unikl.edu.my, Tel: 012-389 2735 ABSTRACT This research aims to identify the roles of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) for Cambodia s fisheries management and to investigate what benefits could be harnessed when these two applications are complementing each other. Cambodia s landscape is dominated by highland and its geography is dominated by the Mekong River. This nation has a rich and diverse marine habitats and marine resources which are fundamental to fishing community livelihoods and it is a major contributor to Cambodian economy. More than 6 million people or 45% of the total population involve in fishery sector and it contributes up to USD 1.6 billion and 12% contribution to total GDP of Cambodia. Fisheries Administration (FiA) is an agency under the Ministry of Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) entrusted to manage, conserve and develop a sustainable fisheries sector. The RS is an application that gathers various geographical information of a particular mass area from a distance, usually using a satellite. GIS is an application used to capture, manage and analyze all forms of spatial data includes maps, information and imagery. The integration of both applications will be able to produce accurate and meaningful information for FiA to effectively manage its sustainable fisheries management. Currently, the FiA only uses GIS application for mapping the fisheries communities operations. This purpose of this research is to compile and outline all the information needed and the knowledge required by the FiA to develop the infrastructure as well as the human capital to realize the benefits of an integrated RS and GIS technologies and applications in achieving their aim to manage, conserve and develop a sustainable fisheries sector in Cambodia. The author will propose some of the new technology of RS and GIS that suitable for FiA to use in their operation of collecting data. There are some interviews were conducted to collect data of respondents survey to compress that the important of RS and GIS technology in fisheries industries. Keywords: Geographical Information System; Remote Sensing; Fisheries Administration; Cambodia; Mekong River 1
INTRODUCTION Fisheries sector is a major economic earning in Cambodia. Fish also has been long vital to all Cambodians especially who lives near the Mekong and Tonle Sap river. For locating the habits of fish in the Cambodia, the Fisheries Administration (FiA) used Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical information System (GIS) to produce the image and accurate data to allow the FiA to know about the habit and accurately on what is taking place at the right situations. The main issue here is to interpret the data into a Geographical Information System (GIS) which has been pending while the data is safely kept in FiA (Longley, 2005). The process of data to be transmitted from image to GIS is crucial as it will be beneficial for FiA to refer back the data and easily share with other agencies with legally copyright acknowledgment. The roles of RS and GIS gives best solution on how the FiA can gather that data to be a meaningful information. Therefore, with this function RS and GIS, the FiA will understand much more about how the RS and GIS will complement each other and gives the best for the community. The author would like to explore the use of RS and GIS in Fisheries area and to propose the framework for FiA on how the flow of RS and GIS operation from beginning which is receive the raw data from satellite until the ground station and following by the ground station. MAIN BODY Product providers comprise institutions and specialists in Remote Sensing, Geo-information and water resources management, with having a specific expertise and product responsibilities. In the context of groundwater management of RS as important role to note its confined to the land surface. Optional sensors measure reflectance of surface features, radar and thermal sensors that allow only to detect and to identify features at or very close to the surface. The freshwater fisheries in Cambodia are productive due to the presence of large floodplains around the Great Lake and along the Tonle Sap and the Mekong Rivers (Países, 2011). Currently in Cambodia, the FiA use the free open source image from Google Earth and free application of ArcGIS 9.0 for plot map and record the data for the fisheries sector and the RS and GIS fully used only by the Forestry sector and Meteorology Ministry. With the application of RS and GIS as information tools for their references it can help the FiA to be able to get the data and information quickly. The FiA emphasizes the development of sustainable fisheries resources in order for to enhance the community s livelihood and prosperity of the nation (Nam et.s al, 2011). By having the references through data that are gathered from RS and GIS, the FiA in the fisheries sector becomes easy to manage. Figure 1 and 2 show the example of communication infrastructure and complete ground station solution of MEASAT satellite, which how the progression work between RS and GIS. The satellite will detect the image on earth and transmit the data to the ground station and automatically being processed into GIS data layers. Satellites were launched in the space for acquiring information of earth's surface. Remote Sensing has been improved in two ways. At first, there have been developments of sensors which can use infrared and microwave spectrum other that visible spectrum to get information about the earth s surface. Second, there have been very important advances with respect to the platforms in which sensors are mounted. Ground resolution continuously increases along with interpretation and mapping that convenient for users (Patra, 2003). 2
Figure 1 Communication infrastructure of MEASAT Figure2 Complete ground station system solutions 3
METHODOLOGY Project methodology that is being used is Research Methodology. Research methodology comprised of the theoretical framework discussion pertaining the independent and dependent variables. The method uses are interviews with selected persons, including data collection from secondary data. Research model is a suitable methodology for researcher for this project research to set how the method can go through along the Gantt chart plan. Besides that, this chapter also discusses about research design, sampling, and data collection method, instrumentation and data analysis. Figure 3 below show the research methodology model (Kobielus, 1997). Figure 3 Research Methodology Model Introduction Sampling Technique Data collection method Data analysis techniques Based on figure 3 starting from Introduction this research being conduct by using survey method to obtain information required from respondents which the person that the researcher interviewed. The sampling techniques use is census and systematic which applies for staff that working at Fisheries Administration(FiA), and other organization such as Ministry that use RS and GIS for data gathering. All data collected were analyzed using software called Statistic Package for Science (SPSS). As for this research, several analysis were done using this software which are descriptive analysis, reliability test, gap analysis and multiple linear regression. INTERVIEWED SESSION The interview with Fisheries Administration staff being conducted in order to get information regarding environmental conditions in Cambodia to collect the information, experiences and assumption of themselves as they have been living in Cambodia. There are many parties that the author got a chance to meet such as Director of Department of Fisheries Affairs, a lecturer from the faculty of Fisheries and Faculty of Land Management and Land Administration Office of Royal University of Agriculture, Director of Aruna Technology Ltd., and Meteorology Department, Radar Station in charge person. From the interview, the author can conclude that the satellite communication in Cambodia still in early stage of development that not connecting with all agencies and department in ministry in Cambodia which can share the data and information.. MOWRUM is one of Ministry in Cambodia that fully using the Remote Sensing and GIS application for their weather forecast operation and even had a ground station at their building including the radar station. System operation for taking the data from satellite is from the Meteorology Satellite center of Japan ( MTSAT ) sending the data through sensor detection send back to the satellite and transmit the data to the ground station which is parabola Antenna. The data will be received by the server in the operation room. The operation room reads the data by using the synergy system. If FiA subscribe a good system application for the operation, not only become easier but another reader such an audience also easy to view the map and analyze the data. Cambodia does not have their owned satellite yet, but subscribe to other countries' satellite or open source online free image. Below is the current process of FiA operation of collecting data. 4
Figure 4 Process of data collection operation by FiA (Paterno, 2000) Staff went for inspection to make a comparison between real operation and online image view by using GPS detector. All image will be saved if the comparison is true and will convert the image format into.kml or any others image format. The image that had been formatted will be inserted in system applications which are ArcGIS 9.0 and other staff will plot the map into many types of map s version. 5
In conclusion, FiA had already use the most popular and powerful system application of mapping but all that they need is just to implement it in others way rather than use for plotting a map on selected area only. PROPOSED INTERFACE AND FRAMEWORK The ArcGIS 10 has been released since 2010 until now and have a feature includes new products, enhanced functionality, and stability improvements. It also can visualize the data in 3D on tablets, smart phones, and the web. Figure 5 The proposed interface of Arcgis10 Figure 6 The proposed framework for FiA 6
Figure 5 above is a proposed framework for FiA to have systematic workflow on RS and GIS in fisheries sector. By this framework, we can see how the integration between RS and GIS. Image detection by satellite on the earth's surface will send back to the satellite by sensor detection and to be transmitted the data to the ground station which is an Antenna. The antenna will be received by server machine to send to the operation room. The image data will be inserted in GIS application in operation room. There are stages that the data will be transforms such as cartography and topography that easier for human to read (Ma, 2012). Figure 29 below show the propose framework of RS and GIS. CONCLUSION Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing have a role to play in all geographic and spatial aspects of the development and management of marine aquaculture (Yang, 2008). Satellite, airborne, ground and undersea sensors acquire much of the related data, especially data on temperature, current velocity, wave height, chlorophyll concentration and land and water use. GIS is used to manipulate and analyze spatial and attribute data from all sources. It is also used to produce reports in map, database and text format to facilitate decision-making. The objective of this project is to illustrate the ways in which Geographic Information Systems and remote sensing play a role in the development and management of marine aquaculture under the purview of Fisheries Administration (FiA) of Cambodia. ICTs are transforming our economies, societies, societies and lives, with an especially profound impact on the information and communication activities that are central to sustainable development. However, there may be risk and potentially negative impacts arising from their introduction in fishing context. It also claimed to be accelerating the decline of fish population, in that they enable commercial fishing vessels to exploit stocks in areas once considered too difficult to fish (SFLP, 2006). As to complete this research, the author have to experience some limitation such as operation flow to experience how the operations flow in depth as to ensure that the process will not lack at any stages. The difficult time during getting the information is to make an appointment with RS and GIS of Malaysia itself because of the busy scheduling of them that cannot match with our time. The location between RS and GIS also are different places so that researcher had to make both different appointments at different time. Certain types of information, such as the background details of the, can be obtained from available published records, the website of the company, its archives, and other sources. Other type s written information, such as company policies for sharing data, procedures, and rules, can be obtained from the organization s records and documents. Based on research findings the author found that most of staff at all Ministries would like to implement the RS and GIS for Cambodian fisheries sector especially FiA staff because it would be convenient for all the agencies to share the accurate data and information. 7
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