STATIONARY QUANTUM STATES IN THE CARDIO- PULMONARY SYSTEM

STATIONARY QUANTUM STATES IN THE CARDIO- PULMONARY SYSTEM Stoian Petrescu 1, Monica Costea 1, Valeria Petrescu 1, Radu Bolohan 3, Nicolae Boriaru 1, Adrian S. Petrescu 2, B. Borcila 1 1 University Politehnica of Bucharest 2 Bellevue University, Greater Omaha, Nebraska, USA 3 Clinical Centre of Emergency Medicine in Cardiovascular Disease Dr. Constantin Zamfir Bucharest, Clinic of Cardiology, Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology ABSTRACT: The proposed paper presents the results of systematic theoretical and experimental research with the goal of applying and extending Thermodynamics with Finite Speed to the human Cardio-Pulmonary System. Using experimental methods we discovered Stationary Quantum States correlating the working frequency of the heart with that of the lungs through a Quantified Equation built around an integer number dependent on the characteristics of the person and on the effective position of the body. Diagrams illustrating these States for persons of different age categories lead to the conclusion that the same pattern holds for all healthy ones. Keywords: Quantum Biological Thermodynamics with Finite Speed, Stationary Quantum States, Cardio-Pulmonary Quantum interaction, Quantum Numbers in Heart-Lung interaction, Heart Disease, Lung Disease. STARI CUANTICE STATIONARE ALE SISTEMULUI CARDIO-PULMONAR - REZUMAT: Lucrarea propusă prezintă rezultatele unei cercetări sistematice teoretice şi experimentale cu scopul de a aplica şi extinde Termodinamica cu Viteză Finită la sistemul cardiopulmonar uman. Utilizând metode experimentale am descoperit stări staționare cuantice care corelează frecvența bătăilor inimii cu cea a respirației printr-o relație cuantificată construită în jurul unui număr întreg dependent de caracteristicile persoanei şi de poziția efectivă a corpului ei. Diagramele ilustrând aceste stări ale persoanelor de diferite categorii de vârstă conduc la concluzia că modelul este acelaşi pentru toţi cei sănătoşi. Cuvinte cheie: Termodinamică Biologică Cuantică cu Viteză Finită, Stări staționare cuantice, Interacțiune cardio-pulmonară cuantică, Numere cuantice în interacțiunea inimă-plămâni, boli de inimă, boli de plămâni. 1. INTRODUCTION This might be the beginning of a new branch of Thermodynamics of irreversible processes that we called Biological Quantum Thermodynamics with Finite Speed for Cardio-Pulmonary Systems (CPS). This is in fact an extension of the Thermodynamics with Finite Speed (TFS) already validated for Thermal Machines that began by the seminal papers of Lazăr Stoicescu, Stoian Petrescu and Valeria Petrescu (1964) when a new expression of the First Law of Thermodynamics for Irreversible Processes with Finite Speed was discovered/invented (Stoicescu and Petrescu, 1964a): du aw δqirr pm, i 1 (1) dv c This new equation has been applied to all five irreversible processes (isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic and polytropic) (Stoicescu and Petrescu, 1964b, 1965a) and to Irreversible Thermodynamic Cycles (Stoicescu and Petrescu, 1965b).

STATIONARY QUANTUM STATES IN THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEM 197 Case of R f = 2 (N=0) R f = F H/ F L = / = 2/1 = 2 Case of R f = 3 (N=4) R f = F H/ F L = / = 3/1 =3 Case of R f = 4 (N=8) R f = F H/ F L = / = 4/1 =4 Fig.1. Explaining Diagrams for Frequency Ratios R f = 2; 3; 4 and corresponding Integer Quantum Numbers N=0; 4; 8. Case of R f = 2.5 (N=2) R f = F H/ F L = / = 5/2 = 2.5 Case of R f = 3.5 (N=6) R f = F H/ F L = / = 7/2 =3.5 Fig.2. Explaining Diagrams for Frequency Ratios: R f =2.5 and 3.5 corresponding to Interactional Quantum Numbers: N= 2 and 6. In 1992 (1) was extended to processes with friction and throttling (Petrescu et al., 1992; Petrescu and Harman, 1994): aw p p f du δq p thr f (2) irr m,i 1 dv c pm,i p m,i A lot of papers were dedicated since to the study of several Thermal Machines operating with irreversible cycles with finite speed (Petrescu and Harman, 1994, 2001; Costea, 1997; Dobre, 2012; Enache and Petrescu, 2012a, b; Petrescu et al., 2014a, b; Enache et al., 2015b; Petrescu and Enache 2013c), culminating with some extremely important (Petrescu et al., 1992, 2002, 2010; Petrescu and Harman 1994). In 1993, based on research by V. Petrescu on Fuel Cells (Petrescu, 1969; Petrescu and Petrescu, 1971; Petrescu et al., 1993, 2013a, b), we extended TFS to

198 Lucrările celei de-a X-a ediţii a Conferinţei anuale a ASTR, 2015 Electrochemical Devices (Petrescu et al., 1993). A few years ago, in 2012, we opened a new domain of research on Biological Systems (Petrescu and Harman, 2001; Costea, 1997; Dobre, 2012; Enache and Petrescu, 2012a, b; Petrescu and Enache 2013c; Petrescu et al., 2014a, b, c, d; Enache et al., 2015a). 2. ELECTROCHEMICAL-MECHANICAL MODEL OF THE CARDIO- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Considering the skeletal muscles as well as the myocardium (heart) and pulmonary muscles as electrochemical - mechanical machines in motion, we started to work at TFS extension to Biological Systems. We began by regarding the Heart as a blood (liquid) pump and the Lungs as two parallel air compressors. In our first attempt to treat human CPS we considered the processes taking place inside it as continuous (Enache and Petrescu, 2012a, b; Petrescu and Enache 2013c; Petrescu et al., 2014b, c; Enache et al., 2015). Experimental researches aiming to validate the findings from these papers allowed us to discover the quantifying of the interaction between Heart and Lungs as oscillating Thermal Machines (a pump in interaction with two air compressors). The very successful validation for Stirling Machines (13 engines - Petrescu et al., 2002, 4 Solar Stirling Engines - Dobre, 2012) and also for Refrigerating Machines and Compressors (Dobre, 2012) justified our confidence that we could do something similar for the human CPS too. With the goal of applying the First Law for irreversible Processes with Finite Sped, friction and throttling (2) to the human CPS, we invented a new diagram PV/px similar to that for two pistons Stirling Machines (Petrescu et al., 2002, 2014a, 2015a). 3. STATIONARY QUANTUM STATES The two previously mentioned frequencies may be constant (for minutes, tens of minutes or even hours) in what we called stationary quantum states (SQS), while sleeping, sitting on a chair, walking, doing repetitive physical work etc. As by applying statistical methods to the experimental data (Petrescu et al., 2014a, 2015a), a correlation between the speeds of the pump and that of the compressors could not be obtained, in a completely new approach suggested by our previous results (Petrescu et al., 2014a), the big surprise was the discovery (Petrescu et al., 2015a) of the following formula: F H = F L. (2+ N/4) (3) where F H is the Frequency of the Heart beat (Pulse) and F L the Frequency of the Lungs (the Respiratory Rhythm) [oscillations / minute]. Their ratio R f = F H /F L (Petrescu et al., 2014a, 2015a) represents a new parameter of state characterizing a stationary state of interaction between the two subsystems Heart-Lungs. The most amazing discovery was the fact that this correlation (3) is valid for all healthy persons, despite of the fact that the domain of values of N depends on the person (Fig. 3). 4. EXPLANATION OF FREQUENCY RATIO VALUES FOR STATIONARY QUANTUM STATES A phenomenological explanation of formula (3), for integer and non integer values of the Frequency Ratio R f in all SQS results from Figure 1and 2. The corresponding integer values of the Quantum Number N which characterize an interaction state between Heart and Lungs, as oscillatory sub-systems of the CPS resulted from (3). In Fig. 3 are presented processes with quantum jump, observed at 5 kids (aged between 9 and 13 years), by the change of their position between 3 stationary states, from horizontal, to sitting and finally to vertical. They conducted these experiments by themselves following the research protocol, and without my (S.P.) intervention, in order to be certain of their objective observations and measurements. It is interesting to see how, as different as they are, (3) still holds for all of them. Similar results were experimentally obtained for 50 mature persons (master students - Advanced Thermodynamics Course at UPB, in 2013 and 2014). From these results comes our belief that (3) could be valid for any healthy person. In Figure 4, we present another diagram illustrating processes with quantum jump for the same person (S.P.), between SQS, from one stationary state to another, during one day. In all stationary states (3) was validated. Very interesting is also the fact, recently discovered by L. Timofan et al. (Petrescu et al., 2014a), that in the case of Bowen Therapy, the Relaxation can be achieved also by the patient himself, passing his CPS, step by step, through a succession of SQS. We have already observed, in fact, that in many other Relaxation Techniques (as: Reflexo-therapy, Reiky, Massage, Yoga, Silva, etc.) the same behavior of the healthy CPS appears, by improving the ratio R f. 5. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES In this paper we gave a phenomenological explanation for two extremely important experimental discoveries, namely:

STATIONARY QUANTUM STATES IN THE CARDIO-PULMONARY SYSTEM 199 1. The quantification of parameters of state F H, F L and N in what we introduced as a new concept: Stationary Quantum States in the Heart Lungs Interactional System (CPS). Fig. 3. Quantum jump processes for 5 kids, while changing their posture: 1-2 horizontal position states; 2-3 process with changing position; 3-4 sitting on a chair states; 4-5 process with changing position; 5-6 vertical position states. Fig. 4. Change of R f and N during processes with quantum jump (for SP). To each value of R f, an integer value of the quantum number N, from (3) corresponds.

200 Lucrările celei de-a X-a ediţii a Conferinţei anuale a ASTR, 2015 2. The correlation between these 3 parameters of state, expressed by a quantum formula (3) was validated, based on thousands of experiments on 50 persons. These discoveries are the basis (fundamentals) of the Development of what we called: Quantum Biological Thermodynamics with Finite Speed for CPS. Combining (3) with the concept of quantum jump processes, in another paper we developed the description of these processes in 5 diagrams (Petrescu et al., 2015b). Using these new concepts, formula (3) and diagrams combined with the new equation of the First Law for Processes with Finite Speed (1 and 2) these irreversible processes can be described quantitatively, in a way similar with how we did already for Thermal Machines in the Thermodynamics with Finite Speed (Petrescu et al., 2014c). Last but not least, we would like to thank very much to the five children-students: Ana, Emma, Bianca, Crista and Vlad for their very important help in this experimental research. They did it with great enthusiasm and very seriously. REFERENCES Costea, M., (Advisers: S. Petrescu and M. Feidt), Improvement of heat exchangers performance in view of the thermodynamic optimization of Stirling Machine; Unsteady-state heat transfer in porous media, Ph.D. Thesis, UPB & U.H.P. Nancy 1, 1997. Dobre, C., (Advisers: S. Petrescu, P. Rochelle), Contribution to the Development of Some Methods of Irreversible Engineering Thermodynamics Applied to the Analytical and Experimental Study of Stirling and cvasi-carnot Machines, Ph.D. Thesis, U. P. Bucureşti U. Paris X, 2012. Enache V., Petrescu S., Algoritm local pentru optimizarea costului rețelelor arborescente de conducte, Proceedings of the VIIth Edition of the Int. Conf. ACADEMIC DAYS of The Academy of Technical Science in Romania, Bucharest, pp. 236, Editura AGIR, Bucureşti, România, 2012a. Enache, V., Petrescu S., Optimizarea costului instalațiilor arborescente de transport, Rev. Termotehnica, XVI, 2/2012, p. 4, Ed. AGIR, Bucureşti, 2012b. Enache, V., Petrescu, S., Bolohan, R., Condiții de optim în sistemul Cardio-Vascular-Pulmonar obținute în cadrul Termodinamicii Ireversibile cu Viteză Finită. II. Optimizarea puterii utile furnizate de organism, Rev. Chim., 2015 (in press). Petrescu, S., (Adviser: L. Stoicescu), Contribution to the study of thermodynamically non-equilibrium interactions and processes in thermal machines, Ph.D. Thesis, I.P.B., Bucharest, Romania, 1969. Petrescu, V., Petrescu, S., A Treatment of the Concentration Overpotential Using the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes, Revue Roumaine de Chimie, Romanian Academy, 16, 9, 1291-1296, 1971. Petrescu, V., (Adviser: S. Sternberg), Electrode Processes and Transport Phenomenon at the interface of Chlorine-Carbon Electrode-Molten Salt, PhD Thesis, I. P. Bucureşti, 1974. Petrescu, S., Lectures on New Sources of Energy, Helsinki University of Technology, Otaniemi, Finland, p.320, Lectures in October 1991. Petrescu, S., Stanescu, G., Iordache, R., Dobrovicescu, A., The First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems, Considerring the Irreversibilities Generated by the Friction Piston-Cylinder, the Throttling of the Working Medium and Finite Speed of the Mechanical Interaction, Proc. of ECOS'92, Zaragoza, Spain, Ed. A. Valero, G. Tsatsaronis, ASME, 33-39, 1992. Petrescu, S., Petrescu, V., Stanescu, G., Costea, M., A Comparison between Optimization of Thermal Machines and Fuel Cells based on New Expression of the First Law of Thermodynamics for Processes with Finite Speed, Proc. First International Thermal Energy Congress, ITEC - 93, Marrakech, Morocco, 1993. Petrescu, S., Harman, C., The Connection Between the First Law and Second Law of Thermodynamics for Processes with Finite Speed - A Direct Method for Approaching and Optimization of Irreversible Processes, Journal of The Heat Transfer Society of Japan, 33, 128, 60-67, 1994. Petrescu, S., Zaiser, J., Petrescu, V., Lectures on Advanced Energy Conversion, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA, 1996. Petrescu, S., Harman, C., The Jump of an Electron in a Hydrogen Atom using a Semi-classical Model, Rev Chim., Bucharest, English Edition, 2, 1-2, 3-10, 2001. Petrescu, S., Costea, M., Harman, C., Florea, T., Application of the Direct Method to Irreversible Stirling Cycles with Finite Speed, Int. Journal of Energy Research, 26, 589-609, 2002. Petrescu, S., Zaiser, J., Harman, C., Petrescu, V., Costea, M., Florea, T., Petre, C., Florea, T.V., Florea, E., Advanced Energy Conversion - Vol II, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA, 2006a. Petrescu, S., Harman, C., Costea, M., Florea, T., Petre, C., Advanced Energy Conversion- Vol I, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA-17837, USA, 2006b. Petrescu, S., Petre, C., Costea, M., Boriaru, N., Dobrovicescu, A., Feidt, M., Harman C., A Methodology of Computation, Design and

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