Master Gardening Botany
What Is a Plant?
Linnaeus 1732
Kingdom MONERA Bacteria Blue-green algea
Kingdom PROTISTA Protoza Ex. Ameba Algae Ex. Spirogyra
Kingdom FUNGI Ex. Bread molds. Mushrooms. Yeast.
Kingdom Plants Ex. Moss Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Kingdom Animal Ex. A) Coelenterates B) Annelids C) Arthropods D) Chordates
Does it photosynthesize? It is a plant.
What Is in a Name?
Domain: Eukaryota - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes Kingdom: Plantae - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae - Cavalier-Smith, 1981 Phylum: Tracheophyta - Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants Subphylum: Euphyllophytina Infraphylum: Radiatopses - Kenrick & Crane, 1997 Class: Magnoliopsida - Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons Subclass: Magnoliidae - Novk Ex Takhtajan, 1967 Superorder: Magnolianae - Takhtajan, 1967 Order: Magnoliales - Bromhead, 1838 Family: Magnoliaceae - A.l. De Jussieu, 1789, Nom. Cons. - Magnolia Family Subfamily: Magnolioideae Tribe: Magnolieae Genus: Magnolia ( - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - [For Pierre Magnol (1638-1715), professor and director of the botanical garden at Montpellier, France] Specific epithet: rajaniana - (Craib) Figlar Botanical name: - Magnolia rajaniana (Craib) Figlar
Senecio
Sunflower Family--Compositae
Mint Family---Lamiaceae
Pea Family---Fabaceae
Hibiscus Family---Malvaceae
Rose Family---Rosaceae
Ferns, Mosses and Liverworts
Vascular Plants Gymnosperms Vs. Angiosperms Cones Flowers
Gymnosperm to Angiosperm
Angiosperm Flowering Plants
The Age of Flowers The Cretaceous Period: Flowers Bloom For The First Time The most important development of the Cretaceous Period was the growth of flowering plants. Before this, most of the trees had been gymnosperms or plants with cones. Now trees began to produce flowers. The ancestors of many modern tree species appeared during the Cretaceous including the magnolia and the maple. 300,000-400,000 species flowering vs. 1,000 species cone bearing
Annual Flower An annual grows from seed and blooms and sets seed and then dies in just one growing season.
Perennial Flower A perennial flower lives for three or more seasons. It may or may not be mature enough to bloom the first year from seed.
Biennial Flower A biennial grows vegetatively its first year, lives over the winter, then finally blooms in the second season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, it dies.
Bamboo Flowers
Herbaceous Vs. Woody
Dicotyledon Vs. Monocotyledons
Weed Vs Climax
Plant Cell Vs. Animal Cell
Roots Absorb nutrients and moisture Anchor the plant Support the stem Serve as food storage
Fibrous Root Vs. Taproot
Root Hairs
Stems
Sieve cells and Companion cells
Auxin causes several responses in plants: Bending toward a light source (phototropism) Downward root growth in response to gravity (geotropism) Promotion of apical dominance (Shapes the tree!) Flower formation Fruit set and growth Formation of adventitious roots Auxin is the active ingredient in most rooting compounds in which cuttings are dipped during vegetative propagation
Cytokinins vs Auxin Unlike other hormones, cytokinins are found in both plants and animals. They stimulate cell division and often are included in the sterile media used for growing plants from tissue culture. If a medium's mix of growth-regulating compounds is high in cytokinins and low in auxin, the tissue culture explant (small plant part) will produce numerous shoots. On the other hand, if the mix has a high ratio of auxin to cytokinin, the explant will produce more roots. Cytokinins also are used to delay aging and death (senescence).
Gibberellins Stimulate Cell Division and Elongation, Break Seed Dormancy, and Speed Germination. The Seeds of Some Species Are Difficult to Germinate; You Can Soak Them in a GA Solution to Get Them Started.
Ethylene is unique in that it is found only in the gaseous form. It induces ripening, causes leaves to droop (epinasty) and drop (abscission), and promotes senescence. Plants often increase ethylene production in response to stress, and ethylene often is found in high concentrations within cells at the end of a plant's life. The increased ethylene in leaf tissue in the fall is part of the reason leaves fall off trees. Ethylene also is used to ripen fruit (e.g., green bananas).
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a general plant-growth inhibitor. It induces dormancy and prevents seeds from germinating; causes abscission of leaves, fruits, and flowers; and causes stomata to close. High concentrations of ABA in guard cells during periods of drought stress probably play a role in stomatal closure.
Stem Modifications
Witches Broom
Leaves!
Photosynthesis Vs. Respiration
C3 Photosynthesis : C3 plants. Called C3 because the CO2 is first incorporated into a 3- carbon compound. Stomata are open during the day. RUBISCO, the enzyme involved in photosynthesis, is also the enzyme involved in the uptake of CO2. Photosynthesis takes place throughout the leaf. Adaptive Value: more efficient than C4 and CAM plants under cool and moist conditions and under normal light because requires less machinery (fewer enzymes and no specialized anatomy).. Most plants are C3.
C4 Photosynthesis : C4 plants. Called C4 because the CO2 is first incorporated into a 4-carbon compound. Stomata are open during the day. Uses PEP Carboxylase for the enzyme involved in the uptake of CO2. This enzyme allows CO2 to be taken into the plant very quickly, and then it "delivers" the CO2 directly to RUBISCO for photsynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place in inner cells (requires special anatomy called Kranz Anatomy) Adaptive Value: Photosynthesizes faster than C3 plants under high light intensity and high temperatures because the CO2 is delivered directly to RUBISCO, not allowing it to grab oxygen and undergo photorespiration. Has better Water Use Efficiency because PEP Carboxylase brings in CO2 faster and so does not need to keep stomata open as much (less water lost by transpiration) for the same amount of CO2 gain for photosynthesis. C4 plants include several thousand species in at least 19 plant families. Example: fourwing saltbush pictured here, corn, and many of our summer annual plants.
CAM Photosynthesis : CAM plants. CAM stands for Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Called CAM after the plant family in which it was first found (Crassulaceae) and because the CO2 is stored in the form of an acid before use in photosynthesis. Stomata open at night (when evaporation rates are usually lower) and are usually closed during the day. The CO2 is converted to an acid and stored during the night. During the day, the acid is broken down and the CO2 is released to RUBISCO for photosynthesis Adaptive Value: Better Water Use Efficiency than C3 plants under arid conditions due to opening stomata at night when transpiration rates are lower (no sunlight, lower temperatures, lower wind speeds, etc.). May CAM-idle. When conditions are extremely arid, CAM plants can just leave their stomata closed night and day. Oxygen given off in photosynthesis is used for respiration and CO2 given off in respiration is used for photosynthesis. This is a little like a perpetual energy machine, but there are costs associated with running the machinery for respiration and photosynthesis so the plant cannot CAM-idle forever. But CAM-idling does allow the plant to survive dry spells, and it allows the plant to recover very quickly when water is available again (unlike plants that drop their leaves and twigs and go dormant during dry spells). CAM plants include many succulents such as cactuses and agaves and also some orchids and bromeliads
Carbon Cycle
Some Special Leaves
Bracts
Flowers If you thought leaves were bad!
Nectaries
Tricky Flowers
Fruits Are Magic
Seeds
Monocot Seed
Dicot Seed
Line Breeding Heirloom?
Hybrid
GMO s?