Scientific Journal of Biological Sciences (2014) 3(1) 6-10 ISSN 2322-1968 doi: 10.14196/sjbs.v3i1.1125 Contents lists available at Sjournals Journal homepage: www.sjournals.com Original article Fermented Beer-based Bait Attracted Insects Taxa in Songculan Lagoon, Songculan, Dauis, Bohol, Philippines M.C. Hongayo*, C.L. Balahay, M.E.P. Cajes, O. Sumampong Systematics Zoology (Zoo3B) 2013, Biology Section- Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Holy Name University Tagbilaran City Bohol, Philippines. *Corresponding author; Systematics Zoology (Zoo3B) 2013, Biology Section- Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Holy Name University Tagbilaran City Bohol, Philippines. A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received 06 January 2014 Accepted 20 January 2014 Available online 29 January 2014 Keywords: Dominant group Insects Fermented beer-based bait trap Songculan lagoon Insects are the dominant group of animals that have elongated body with distinct head, thorax and abdomen that are bilaterally symmetric. Their presences in the ecosystem are mutually benefited by plants for they serve as the main pollinators and seed dispersal. Insects also add in the transmission of disease and parasitism in other animals. This study determined and compared the relative abundance among stations and compared the results of the day-andnight sample collections of the insect taxa attracted to fermented beer-based bait trap in Songculan Lagoon, Songculan, Dauis, Bohol, Philippines. There were five (5) identified insect taxa namely; Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. 2014 Sjournals. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Insects are the dominant group of animals with approximately 1.1 million classified individual species. Insects are classified under Class Insecta of Subphylum Hexapoda. They have elongated body with distinct head, thorax and abdomen that are bilaterally symmetric. They also have a pair of antennae, mouthparts, two pairs of wings on thorax, and jointed legs (Hickman et al., 2008). 6
Essential functions of insect in the ecosystem are mutually benefited by plants for the reason that insects are the main pollinators and help in seed dispersal insects recycle organic matters, wood and carrions. In addition, insects maintain plant and animal community by transmission of disease and parasitism in other animals (Triplehorn et al., 2005). Bait traps are both cost and time efficient, as they do not require the presence of a person and work in the considerable wind as during rain fall (Sussaenbach and Fiedler, 1999). It is relatively less labor-intensive and can run over several days and can be used in surveying large areas. Bait trapping works also during bright summer and nights when light traps are of little used (Pettersson and M. Franzen, 2008). That was one of the reasons why this study was conducted. Furthermore, this study assessed the insect taxa attracted to fermented beer-based bait trap in Songculan Lagoon, Songculan, Dauis, Bohol, Philippines; identify insect taxa up to order level; determine and compare the relative abundance among stations; determine and compare the relative abundance of insect taxa among stations; determine and compare the relative abundance of insect taxa in day and night; and determine and compare insect taxa during day-and-night per station and among stations since no previous study was conducted. The information generated served as baseline data and would increase the awareness to the people with the abundance of the insect taxa and a tool in further information about insects in Bohol. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study area Songculan Lagoon (9 38'2"N 123 50'3"E) is located in the uppermost part to the town of Dauis, which is at the southwest part of Bohol, Philippines with an estimated area of 509,624 sq. meters. The lagoon has rich vegetation, including trees and shrubs, which are predominantly dominated by dense population of mangroves. Seven stations where the fermented beer-based bait traps were installed. Station 1 (9 38 3.3, 123 50 20.1 ), Station 2 (9 38 2.34, 123 50 19.2 ), Station 3 (9 38 1.59, 123 50 16.9 ), Station 4 (9 38 1.37, 123 50 16.1 ), Station 5 (9 38 0.99, 123 50 15.5 ), Station 6 (9 38 0.39, 123 50 14.1 ), and Station 7 (9 37 59.93, 123 50 13.2 ). 2.2. Preparation of fermented beer-based bait Fig. 1. Songculan lagoon map with the plots of the stations of the where the beer-based bait traps were installed This study used a fermented beer-based bait trap adapted from Laaksonen et al., (2006). Fermented beerbased bait was prepared based on the following composition 1.125 liters beer, 250 grams molasses, 125 grams brown sugar, 250 grams white sugar 57.5 grams honey, ½ grated apples and 0.75 grams yeast that were mixed together and allowed to ferment to achieve its consistency. 7
2.3. Laying and collection of fermented beer-based bait traps Seven bait traps were laid more or less 5 meters above the ground. Lying of the bait trap was done every 8:00 am in the morning and collected in the afternoon 6:00 pm for the day sampling. For night, sampling traps were laid every 6:00pm and collected on the following day by 6:00 am. The collections were conducted in four (4) sampling days of September 21, 2013, September 22, 2013, September 28, 2013 and September 29, 2013. The trapped insects were stored in vials and preserved in 70% alcohol. 2.4. Identification of insect taxa Insect samples collected were brought to the Holy Name University Zoology Laboratory and identified up to the order level using pictorial keys of Key to Insect Orders, (n.d), and dichotomous taxonomic keys of Triplehorn and Johnson, (2005). 2.5. Data analysis In this study, in determining the abundance, the formula of Smith and Smith, (2000) was used and to compare the abundance among insect taxa Kruskal-Wallis test test and followed by KS two sample test was used. 3. Results Five (5) insect taxa were identified in Songculan Lagoon namely; Blattodea (9-1%), Coleoptera (23-2%), Diptera (6-1%), Hymenoptera (1025-94%) and Lepidoptera (27-2%). In station 1, three (3) insect taxa determined, which include Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. For station 2, four (4) insect taxa were determined, which include Blattodea, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. In station 3, three (3) insect taxa were determined, which include Blattodea, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. For stations, 4, 5 and 7, five (5) insect taxa were determined, which include Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. In station 6, two (2) insect taxa were determined, which include Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the taxa occurring in all stations. The most dominant taxa at the entire sampling were the Hymenopterans as shown in table 1 and figure 2. Table 1 showed the relative abundance of insect taxa found in the fermented beer-based bait trap in Songculan Lagoon namely; Hymenoptera (96%- 1026 individuals), Coleoptera (2%- 23 individuals), Blattodea (1%-9 individuals), Lepidoptera (1%-7 individuals) and Diptera (1%-6 individuals). Table 2 showed that night-time sampling caught insect's accounts to 51% as the most number of trapped insects compared to the 49% individuals during the day collected insects. It also showed that during the day-andnight time where Hymenoptera (1025 individuals) was most abundant organism both for in day-and-night time sampling as shown in figure 3 and 4. 8
Table 2 Relative abundance of insect taxa in day-and-night sampling. Fig. 2. Relative abundance of insect taxa in Songculan Lagoon. Fig. 3. Relative abundance of insect taxa in daytime sampling in Songculan Lagoon. Fig. 4. Relative abundance of insect taxa in night-time sampling in Songculan Lagoon. Table 3 Kolmogorov-smirnov two sample test of insect taxa in Songculan Lagoon. Insect Taxa Blattodea Coleoptera Diptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Blattodea 1.000 Coleoptera 0.264 1.000 Diptera 0.994 0.038 1.000 Hymenoptera 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 Lepidoptera 0.994 0.038 0.994 0.000 1.000 9
The result as shown in Table 3 for the comparison on the abundance of the insect taxa among the seven (7) stations showed for Coleoptera (p0.00) that there was a significant difference compared to Diptera (p0.038), Hymenoptera (p0.00), and Lepidoptera (p0.038). For Hymenoptera, there was a significant difference compared to Blattodea (p 0.00), Coleoptera (p 0.00), Diptera (p 0.00), and Lepidoptera (p 0.00). The insect taxa namely Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Blattodea, Lepidoptera and Diptera were attracted to fermented beer-based bait traps as observed during this study could be explained because it is a carbohydrate based and most insects are attracted to it by means of fume, which triggers their receptors that there is food. According to the study of Kent and Robertson (2009), in which insects have invaluable ability in perception of sugar. This serve as some of the simplest, most easily metabolized forms of energy available to life and as valuable resources, it seems fitting that insects have the ability to taste sugars, and it forms a primary stimulatory signal for feeding as well as other organisms. Among the insect taxa collected Hymenopterans accounts to the highest number (1025 individuals - 96%) individuals collected among stations and among sampling days. This could be explained since most of the hymenopterans were attracted fermented beer-based bait a carbohydrate-based in which most of the ants particularly terrestrial ants preferred this food-based product same as what Hahn and Wheeler (2002) showed in their results of their study of the preference by the hymenopterans. In addition, according to Koning, (1994) particular Hymenopterans the organisms have an excellent sense of smell with chemoreceptors in their antennae and are attracted to particular fragrances for food. Furthermore, this is also true to the other attracted insect taxa and could explain its attraction to the fermented beer-based bait used during this study. Acknowledgement Mathematics and Natural Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Holy Name University, Tagbilaran City Bohol, Philippines, LGU- Songculan, Dauis Bohol, Philippines and MCH Co. References Hahn, D., Wheeler, D., 2002. Seasonal foraging activity and bait preferences of ants on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. BlOTROPlCA., 34(3), 348-356. Hickman, C., Roberts, L., Keen, L.A., 2008. Integrated Principles of Zoology. 14th Edition. United States of America: McGraw Hill Higher Educ., 441-468. Kent, L., Robertson, H., 2009. Evolution of the sugar receptors in insects. BMC Evolutionary Biology,(9), 41. Koning, R., 1994. Honeybee Biology. Plant Physiology Website.. http://plantphys. info/plants_human/bees/bees.html. Laaksonen, J., Itamies, J., Rytkonen, S., Valimaki, P., 2008. A new efficient bait trap model for Lepidoptera Surveysthe Oulu model. Ent. Fennica., (17), 153-160. Pettersson, L., Franzen, M., 2008. Comparing wine-based and beer-based baits for moth trapping: a field experiment.ent. Tidskr., 123-134. Smith, R., Smith, T., 2000. Elements of Ecology. 4th edition. Addison Wesley Longman Inc., USA, 450. Sussaenbach, D., Fiedler, K., 1999. Noctucid moths attracted to fruit bait: Testing models and Methods of Estimating Species Diversity. NotaLepid., (22),115-145. Triplehorn, C.A., Johnson, N. F., 2005. Borror and Delong s introduction to the study of insects. Thomson Brooks/Cole. USA, 1-864. 10