The Chemistry of Life http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045_s00/matter/fg01_011.gif
Atom: the smallest unit of matter Subatomic particles 1. neutron a. In nucleus b. No charge c. Weight 1dalton 2. proton a. In nucleus b. + charge c.weight 1 dalton 3. electron a. Outside nucleus b. Move at speed of light c. Have a negative charge d. Weight1/2000 of a dalton http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/robb/atom%20animation%20resources_files/image003.gif
Atomic Number and Weight 1. atomic number- number of protons in nucleus 2. atomic weight- number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of the atom (a.k.a. - mass number) http://www.wisegorilla.com/images/chemstry/periodictable.gif
How many neutrons are in an atom? Subtract the number of protons from the mass number to get the number of neutrons Mass number atomic number = # of neutrons
Find the atomic number, atomic mass, and # of protons, electrons and neutrons of the following elements. Atomic # Mass # # protons # electrons # neutrons Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Isotopes: it s all in the neutrons! 1. have same number of protons (atomic number). 2. Different number of neutrons. 3. carbon has carbon 12, carbon 13 and carbon 14. 4. Radioactive isotopes- the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/images/0_quiz-7.2-02.gif https://blogs.creighton.edu/blogging/wp-content/uploads/gkd58409_/2007/04/hank1.jpg
Isotopes of Carbon " Isotopes of Carbon
1. Energy Shells a. first level can only have 2 electrons. b. second level can have 8 electrons. c. all other levels have 8. 2. The chemical behavior of the atom is determined by the atom s electron shell. 3. Valance Electronsoutermost shell Electron Shells http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/atom-h-he-li-na.gif
Problem? All atoms want to have their valance electron shells full! I wish I could be a noble gas! http://www.csupomona.edu/~egoldstein/121/images/periodic_noble.gif
Chemical Bonds 1. Making of chemcial bonds Stores Energy. 2. The breaking of chemical bonds Releases Energy Blah blah balh Sdf http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/energy/energy12.gif
Chemical Bonds 1. Covalent bond -The sharing of a pair of valance electrons by two atoms. 2. Bewteen two nonmetals 3. Can form single, double and triple bonds http://www.roboimages.com/image/ri33813/care_bears_easter.jpg http://www.school-for-champions.com/chemistry/images/bonding_types-water.gif
Methane: covalent bonds http://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/chemistry/bonding/graphics/gif15.ch4bp.gif
2. All non-metals form covalent 1. glucose bonds 2. water 3. carbon dioxide 4. sucrose http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/sdgraphics/psgraphics/watermolecule.gif http://www.peoriaendocrine.com/images/diabetes_lecture/glucose.gif
Ionic Bonds 1.One atom steals electrons from another to complete its outer shell. Between a metal and nonmetal Example: NaCl Because one atom has lost an electron (Na) it has now has an overall charge of +1 Because the atom that took the electron (Cl) now has an extra electron, its overall charge is -1 http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/biology/bio100/truesdale/lectures%2005/lec2/image6.gif
4. Ionic Bonding: http://gcserevision101.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/halogen-ionic-bond.jpg
In a polar covalent bond Electrons are shared unequally between atoms, creating a polar molecule ( ) ( ) ( ) O (+) H H (+) (+)
Water is a Major Components of Cells 1. 2/3 of all molecules in the body (all your cells are surrounded by water) 2. Water stores heat efficiently. a. sweating- helps release heat b. helps maintain homeostasis by regulating temperature http://www.bigbrandwaterfilter.com/water_filter_images/waterdrop_embossed.gif
Properties of Water 1. Water is the solvent of life (universal solvent) - Polar solutes dissolve when water molecules surround them, forming aqueous solutions 2. Water is less dense as a solid than a liquid. Ice floats on water.
. Hydrogen bonds make water cohesive (holds like to like) ex: Insects can walk on water due to surface tension
Water is adhesive (holds different substances) ex: molecules can move from a plant s roots to its leaves (Capillary Action)
Water Dissolves Many Water is the solvent. What it is dissolving is called the solute. Solution- mixture in which one or more substances is evenly distributed. Solute and Solvent together make a Solution. Substances http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/demos/images/bluebottle.gif
Polarity-molecules with an Water is a polar molecule Only polar molecules will dissolve in water Nonpolar molecules will not dissolve in water Ex: oil electrical charge http://colossus.chem.umass.edu/genchem/whelan/class_images/structure_of_water.jpg
Water molecules adhere to other polar molecules. water molecule - + - + + Hydrogen Bonds + + + - + - hydrogen bond - + - + + + HCl
Hydrogen Bond 1. Occurs when an atom of hydrogen has a strong attraction to two atoms instead of one 2. The atoms must be highly electronegative (electron loving) like Oxygen, Flourine, Nitrogen, Chlorine and Bromine
Water has high specific heat. Specific Heat is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance. It allows for moderation of climate and helps organisms regulate body temperature.
Water has a high heat of vaporization (the amount of heat required to convert liquid water into gaseous water, aka steam). This makes it an effective coolant for the body. That is why sweating actually cools us down. (Evaporative Coolant)
Water has a high heat of fusion, or the heat you need to take out of water to get it to solidify (freeze). Water can hold a lot of heat energy before it changes temperatures and states. A high heat of fusion means that, even if the temperature of the air changes a lot, water will shelter you or fish from those changes and provide a stable environment.
Water has a high boiling point (100 degrees Celsius) and low freezing point (0 degrees Celsius) Water has a neutral ph. Which makes is a good buffer. A buffer is a substance that helps to moderate any changes in ph that result from the addition of acids or bases.
ph Scale ph Scale: Based on the concentration of H + (1-14) ph of acid <7 ph of base >7 ph of neutral = 7 If blood ph is either below 6.9 or above 7.8 a person cannot survive
Acids and Bases Water can be broken down into acids and bases Acids- 1) high concentration of hydrogen ions. H+ 2) ph less than 7 EX: HCl http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/site_students/images/phscale.gif
Acids and Bases Bases 1) Low concentration of hydrogen ions. OH- 2) ph is greater than 7 3) Also called alkaline EX: NaOH http://www.btinternet.com/~chemistry.diagrams/ph_scale.gif
ph (2) More H + More OH -
Contain carbon - usually bonded to oxygen, hydrogen, and other carbon atoms. Most of the matter in your body is organic! These are compounds that usually come from organisms Organic Compounds http://www.chemistryland.com/elementaryschool/buildingblocks/jungle500.jpg
Macromolecules Cells and their organelles are made up of smaller building blocks called macromolecules. There are 4 basic types of macromolecules. They are: Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids
Monomers & Polymers Macromolecules are actually made up of even smaller subunits. Each subunit of a macromolecule is called a monomer. The macromolecules themselves are called polymers, because they are made up of many of these subunits. Monomer: one basic unit or subunit Polymer: a chain of many basic units
Carbohydrates 1.Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. 2. Key source of energy-found in fruits and vegetables. 3. Monosaccharidessingle sugars, A. the building blocks of carbs B. Ends in-ose Examples: glucose, fructose, maltose http://www.exploratorium.edu/cookng/candy/images/sugar-molecule-1.gif http://vienna-doctor.com/images/pictures/carbohydrates.jpg
Monomer (basic unit) : Simple sugars or monosaccharides EX: glucose Polymer (chain of units): Complex carbohydrates or polysaccharides EX: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides 4. Disaccharides- two sugars glucose + fructose = sucrose 5. Polysaccharides -a. macromolecule made of many sugars. -b. storehouse for energy Excess Energy is stored as: -c. starch-in plants d. glycogen- in animals e. cellulose-found in plant cell walls http://www.pecanbread.com/new/saccharides.jpg
Carbohydrates: Indicator Tests Simple Sugars: Benedict s solution Blue solution turns orange/green/brown Complex Carbs: Lugol s solution/ Iodine Turns from orange-redbrown to black-purple
Let s Draw a Glucose molecule! http://www.thefreshloaf.com/files/u12441/alpha-d-glucose%20ring.gif
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/image71.gif Dehydrations synthesis: making carbohydrates
Taking water away to join molecules 1. Dehydrate means to take water away. 2. #1 and #4 carbon will form a bond by removing water. 3. What is left? http://www.uq.edu.au/_school_science_lessons/16.3.1.4ach.gif
Hydrolsis- adding water to break the bonds
Fats, phospholipids, steroids(cholesterol) and waxes. Lipids- are nonpolar Fats are lipids that store energy for long term, make up the cell membrane (phospholipds), provide cell structure, provide insulation http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/crisco1k.jpg http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/hillchem3/medialib/media_portfolio/text_images/ch09/fg09_16-05box.jpg http://www.healingtouchwebhelp.net/image/heart31.jpg http://www.chemistryland.com/elementaryschool/buildingblocks/lipids.jpg
Lipids are made by combining two 1. glycerol A three carbon alcohol 2. 3 fatty acids types of molecules Long hydrocarbon chains. Non polar http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/glycerol,%20fatty%20acids,%20triglyceride.gif
Lipids: Structure Lipids are made up of Monomer (basic unit): fatty acids Polymer (chain of units): lipids Specific examples: triglycerides, phospholipids
Lipids: Fats Saturated vs. Unsaturated Structural formula of a saturated fat molecule Structural formula of an unsaturated fat molecule Stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid (a) Saturated fat Oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid (b) Unsaturated fat cis double bond causes bending
Lipids: Indicator Test Paper Bag Test: Smear substance onto paper bag If see-thru, it contains lipids
Proteins: Function Build and repair muscle and tissues No pain, no gain! Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Proteins Made of chains of amino acids There are 20 known amino acids These 20 amino acids are found in all biological species. Collagen-protein found in skin Hemoglobin, blood clots, and muscles. http://images.apple.com/science/profiles/proteinfolding/images/proteins.jpg http://www.cybered.net/library/teaching_resources/biology/genetic_engineering/image_gallery/geneticeng-proteins.jpg
Proteins: Structure Proteins are made up of Monomer (basic unit): amino acids 20 different kinds!* Polymer (chain of units): protein More specifically- polypeptides Amino acids linked by peptide dipeptide
All Amino Acids have the same 1. alpha carbon- makes center of amino acid 2. amino group 3. Carboxyl group- this is an acid 4. a single hydrogen 5. Variable group-r There are 20 R groups Therefore there are 20 different amino acids in all living things basic structure
http://www.contexo.info/dna_basics/images/aminoacidsweb.gif
Let s draw an amino acid 1. draw the alpha carbon 2. put in amino group. 3. put in carboxyl group 4. Hydrogen 5. R group (variable) http://www.aloeveraibs.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/aminoacidstruc.jpg
Proteins: Structure Proteins have complex structures. The shape of a protein determines its function! The levels of protein structure are: Primary structure: polypeptide chain Secondary structure: polypeptides in coils or sheets Tertiary structure: coils or sheets form a tangle Quaternary structure: more than one tangle combine to make a very complex protein!
Proteins: Indicator Test Biuret s Solution: Turns from blue to purple if protein is present
Nucleic Acids: Function Stores and carries genetic information
Nucleic Acids: Structure Nucleic Acids are made up of Monomers (basic unit): nucleotides Polymers (chain of units): DNA or RNA
Made of nucleotides. Nucleotides contain a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base. DNA-double stranded and makes up chromosomes RNA-single stranded, used in making proteins. Nucleic Acids http://www.duke.edu/web/mat/jennifer_sohn/unit/images/what_is_rna1.gif
DNA and RNA http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/dna_versus_rna_reversed.jpg
ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate Energy currency for the cells. Cells need a constant supply of ATP to function. http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/atp.gif
Organisms Need Energy for Life Processes Energy- the ability to move or change matter. Energy is stored and released by chemical reactions. Chemical reaction absorb and release energy 1.Freezing water releases energy 2.Melting ice absorbs energy http://www.windows.ucar.edu/teacher_resources/activities_3x3.jpeg
Energy is needed to start a 1. Activation energythe energy needed to start a chemical reaction. 2. Chemical push! chemical reaction. http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/class/iphy3430-200/image/04-3.jpg
Enzymes help biochemical A. allows reactions to occur quickly and at low temperatures. B. increases the speed of chemical reactions. C. most are proteins. D. act as catalysts-reduce the amount of activation energy required. E. helps maintain homeostasis. reactions occur. http://w3.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/06/images/ch06c1.jpg
Enzymes End in ase
Enzymes affect specific substances. http://library.thinkquest.org/3659/orgchem/lock-key-enzyme.gif http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/181summer/graphics/graphics%20lect7/life7e-fig-06-10-0%203d%20fit%20of%20enzyme%20and%20substrate.jpg
1.Substrate-substance on which an enzyme acts. A. amylase- breaks starch down into glucose 2.Active Site A deep folds in the surface of the enzyme. B. substrate fits into the active site
Enzymes are Biological Catalysts http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/lieb/tierphys/enzyme.gif
Three things that effect enzyme action. 1. amount of enzyme concentration 2. Temperature 3. ph