Quantum optics and optomechanics

Quantum optics and optomechanics 740nm optomechanical crystals LIGO mirror AMO: Alligator nanophotonic waveguide quantum electro-mechanics Oskar Painter, Jeff Kimble, Keith Schwab, Rana Adhikari, Yanbei Chen, Kerry Vahala, and Andrei Faraon California Institute of Technology 3/27/2014

Optomechanics some context W. Heisenberg K. Thorne LIGO mirror LIGO Precision measurement (quantum limits, weak classical forces, gravity waves, etc.) http://jilawww.colorado.edu/bec/ S. Chu AFM; Rohrer and Binnig MEMS/NEMS (sensing, RF comm., photonics, etc.) Laser and Atomic Physics (optical forces, ultra-cold states of matter, etc.) D. Wineland D. Rugar, single spin detector microtoroid Nichols and Hull www.lehigh.edu/~influids/ A. Ashkin T. Hansch

cavity-optomechanics: scale and geometry canonical mirror on a spring system diffraction limit Optical NEMS? (sub)-picogram mass GHz frequencies

Cavity-optomechanical circuits J. Chan, et. al, Nature, v478, pg. 89 92 (2011) printable circuits for photons and phonons formed in the thin-film surface layer of a microchip Independent routing of acoustic and optical waves Strong localization of acoustic and optical energy leading to large radiation pressure effects

1D-OMC experiments Electromagnetically induced transparency/amplification (EIT/EIA) and slow light [1] Optical delay ~50 ns (advance ~1.4µs) [2] Chan et al., Laser cooling of a nanomechanical oscillator into its quantum ground state, Nature 2011 Ground-state cooling [2] Quantum zero-point motion [3] 40% asymmetry in Stokes/Anti-Stokes scattering sideband at 2.6 ± 0.2 phonon occupancy Coherent wavelength conversion [4] 93(2)% internal (external) conversion efficiency between 1400 nm and 1500 nm telecom wavelength bands Optical squeezing [5] Modest squeezing of ~5% below shot-noise demonstrated by reflecting coherent laser light off of a silicon micromechanical resonator [1] Safavi-Naeini, Alegre et al., Electromagnetically Induced Transparency and Slow Light with Optomechanics, Nature 2011 [3] Safavi-Naeini et al., Observation of quantum motion of a nanomechanical resonator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012 [4] Hill et al., Coherent wavelength conversion via cavity-optomechanics, Nature Communications 2012 [5] Safavi-Naeini et al., Squeezed light from a Silicon micromechanical resonator, in press 2013

Optomechanical Metamaterials from 2D OMCs Dirac-like polaritons Synthetic gauge field

The Quantum Internet H. Jeff Kimble, The Quantum Internet, Nature (2008) Distribution of quantum entanglement Teleportation of quantum states between distant nodes Relies on an efficient quantum interconnect

Superconducting Microwave Quantum Circuits Les Houches Lecture Series, Superconducting Qubits and the Physics of Josephson Junctions, J. M. Martinis and K. Osborne; Phys. Scr., Circuit QED and engineering charge-based superconducting qubits, S M Girvin, M H Devoret and R J Schoelkopf Josephson Junction SC I SC atomic cavity-qed Cirquit-QED

Why mechanics as an electro-optical interface? Because it works already for microwave photons And more recently for optical photons

Si3N4 Through Chip Membrane Devices Etch through Si wafer leaving 300 nm thick Si 3 N 4 membrane Transmission Line Drastic reduction of C s : 12 ff (meander) 2.5 ff (coils) @ 12 GHz Si 3 N 4 : High resistivity, small loss tangent, high stress, high Q m and Q o, v- groove fiber-chip coupling 64 LC circuits & SiN nanobeams on 4 membranes

Coil on a Membrane Circuit < 50 nm capacitor slots 500 MHz breathing mode

Ultimately we need to do this cold (and efficiently) cold Fiber coupling η~0.88 Single-sided coupling efficient free-space coupler Coupling waveguide Small slot-gaps <50nm 5 µm 1D-OMC cavity

Quantum Optics & Atomic Physics with 1-d Photonic Crystals Large atom-photon interaction Strong coupling in cqed Wave-vector engineering Enhanced atom-photon coupling near the photonic band edge Long-range atom-atom interactions mediated by photons Quantum many-body physics for internal & external degrees of freedom Precision vacuum-force measurements

Building Blocks for Scalable Quantum Information Processing* High fidelity quantum bus for state transfer & entanglement distribution Nano-photonic waveguide Creation of arbitrary quantum state ψ for the atomic spin chain Coherent mapping of atomic spin state ψ to and from propagating optical fields *D. Chang, L. Jiang, A. Gorshkov & H.J. Kimble, New J. Phys. 14 063003 (2012)

Atom-Light Interactions in Photonic Crystals A. Goban, C.-L. Hung, S.-P. Yu, J. Hood, J. Muniz, J. H. Lee, M. Martin, A. McClung, K. Choi, D. Chang, O. Painter & J. Kimble arxiv:1312.3446 An integrated nanophotonic optical circuit for atomic physics, quantum optics, and quantum information science

Atom-Light Interactions in Photonic Crystals A. Goban, C.-L. Hung, S.-P. Yu, J. Hood, J. Muniz, J. H. Lee, M. Martin, A. McClung, K. Choi, D. Chang, O. Painter & J. Kimble arxiv:1312.3446 SEM of APCW Alligator Photonic Crystal Waveguide Band diagram calculated from SEM 250nm Measured reflection spectrum for APCW - Band structure in good agreement with our reflection measurements

Cold atom device loading into the Alligator PCW N i ~ 10 7 Cs atoms at ρ ~ 2x10 11 /cm 3 T ~ 20μK Optical fiber butt-coupled to SiN device 740nm SiN device 1-d photonic crystal waveguide 1 mm N f ~ 10 6 Cs atoms at ρ ~ 2x10 10 /cm 3 T ~ 20μK atom-light coupling Jae Lee Juan Muniz Andrew McClung Mike Martin Aki Goban Chen-Lung Hung Jonathan Hood Su-Peng Yu

Model and Measurement for Reflection Spectra Alligator Photonic Crystal Waveguide APCW

Atom-induced cavities and tunable long-range interactions between atoms trapped near photonic crystals J. Douglass, H. Habibian, A. Gorshkov, J. Kimble & D. Chang, arxiv:1312.2435 Towards functional quantum memories for trapped atoms in photonic crystal waveguides (PCW) Cavity QED without mirrors all-atom cqed with dynamic tuning of cavity and atomic interactions Extend to lambda and butterfly atomic level schemes Design diverse spin-spin interaction Hamiltonians Tailor functional form for interaction: H I ~ 1/r α (e.g., with α =1 Coulomb interaction)