UNITEIGHT:PRINCIPLESOFECOLOGY Section2.1OrganismsandTheirRelationships Objectives1G3 Usethetermsbelowtocompletethegraphicorganizer.Listthe biologicallevelsfromlargesttosmallestanddefinethem. Biologicalcommunity biosphere organism Biome ecosystem population LEVELSOFORGANIZATION Symbiosis: Commensalism: Mutualism: Parasitism: Predation: MainIdea Ecology(Pages32G33) Createajournalentryforthepicturebelowthatliststhreerelationshipsthe beehasinitsenvironment. Comparethetermsinthetablesbydefiningthemsidebyside. Habitat: Niche: Abioticfactor: Bioticfactor MainIdea TheBiosphere(Pages34G35) Sequencetheabioticandbioticfactors.Writeabioticorbioticineachsquare. Lackof rainfall Riversdryup Drysoil Animals don t reproduce Certainplants die Populationofa species diminishes
MainIdea LevelsofOrganization(Page36) Identifyeachleveloforganizationthatisdescribed. agroupoforganismsofallthesamespecies. interactingpopulations. anindividuallivingthingmadeofcell(s). allthedifferentpopulationsinacommunity. alargegroupoforganismsthatsharethe sameclimateandhavesimilartypesof communities. MainIdea EcosystemInteractions(Page38) Explainwhytheseorganismsinthecommunityusuallywouldn toccupythe samenicheforverylong. MainIdea CommunityInteractions(Pages38G40) Rephrasemutualism,commensalism,andparasitisminyourownwords. Giveanexampleforeach. 1. 2. 3. Summarizecommunityinteractionsbyanalyzinghelpful,neutral,and harmfulthingsthatbacteriadowhilelivinginourbodies.incorporatethe termsniche,habitat,parasitism,andmutualism.
UNITEIGHT:PRINCIPLESOFECOLOGY Section2.2FlowofEnergyinanEcosystem Objectives4G5 NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktowritethecorrectvocabulary termforeachblank. autotrophg biomassg carnivoreg decomposerg detritivoreg foodchaing foodwebg herbivoreg heterotrophg omnivoreg trophiclevelg MainIdea EnergyintheEcosystem(Pages41G42) Summarizehoworganismsmeettheirenergyneeds. Typeof Organism Autotrophs Othername(s)for thistype Consumers,herbivores, carnivores,scavengers, omnivores Noother name Foodcomesfrom Chemical reactionsthat occur Theorganismsthatare eatenareturnedinto energyandmoleculesfor theconsumer sbody Examples Algae,plants
Designyourown3stepexampleoftheflowofenergy. Identifyandexplainthethreedifferentkindsofecologicalpyramids. MainIdea ModelsofEnergyFlow(Pages42G44) Contrastafoodchainwithafoodweb. Createafoodchainandnametheorganismsyouinclude.Indicateeach organismstrophiclevels.(seepage43foranexample)
UNITEIGHT:PRINCIPLESOFECOLOGY Section2.3CyclingofMatter Objective6 NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktowritethecorrectvocabulary termforeachblank. BiogeochemicalcycleG denitrificationg nitrogenfixationg nutrientg MainIdea CyclesintheBiosphere(Pages45G49) Summarizeeachcycleofmatterinenergy. TheWaterCycle TheCarbonCycle TheNitrogenCycle ThePhosphorusCycle
Describeeachofthecyclesinnature.Identifywhereeachcycleisfound,how organismsusethem,andwhatkeywordsrelatetothem. Water Carbon/ Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Wherefound HowUsed Keywordsin thecycle UNITEIGHT:PRINCIPLESOFECOLOGY Section3.1CommunityEcology Objectives7G8 NewVocabulary:Definethefollowingterms: ClimaxcommunityG communityg ecologicalsuccessiong limitingfactorg primarysuccessiong secondarysuccessiong toleranceg Your includespeople,otheranimals,plants,bacteria, andfungiinyourarea.a isanyabioticor bioticfactorthatrestrictsnumbers,reproduction,ordistributionof
organisms.theabilityofanyorganismtosurvivewhensubjectedtoabiotic orbioticisits.changingabioticorbioticfactorscan trigger Uthereplacementofone communitywithanother. occurs whenacommunitybecomesestablishedinanareaofexposedrockwithout topsoil.eventually,astable,mature can developfrombarerock.ifadisturbance,suchasafire,removesthe communitybutnotthesoil,anorderlyandpredictablechangecalled restoresthecommunityovertime. MainIdea Communities(Pages60G61) Predicthowanunusuallyprolongeddroughtmightaffectabiological community. Createatolerancegraphsimilartotheoneonpage61.Titlethegraph ToleranceofPlantA.Labelthezones,andthelimitsofeachzoneaccording tothefactsbelow. *can tlivebelow1000m *growsbestbetween2000u5000m *canliveatanelevationbetween1000 2000m*can tliveabove6000m *canliveatanelevationbetween5000 6000m 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 InferotherabioticfactorsthatmightlimitthesurvivalofplantA.
MainIdea EcologicalSuccession(Pages62G64) Sequencethefollowingstepsintheprimarysuccessionofaforestbywriting eachstepintheflowchart. *perrennialherbsandgrasses *barerock *lichens *shrubsandshadeintoleranttrees *shadeutoleranttrees *smallannualplants Assumeaforestfiremovesthroughtheforestanddestroysthevegetation. Describewhatkindofsuccessionmightnowoccurandwhatmightbethefirst organismstoinhabitthearea. UNITEIGHT:PRINCIPLESOFECOLOGY Section3.2TerrestrialBiomes Objective9 ReveiwVocabulary:Useyourbookordictionarytodefinetheterm biome. NewVocabulary:Definethefollowingtermthencompletethefollowing tables. latitudeg Useyourbooktocomparethetermsbydefiningthemsidebyside. Weather: Climate: Completethechartbydescribing/definingthebiomes. Tundra: Borealforest: Temperateforest: Woodlands: Grassland: Desert: Tropicalsavanna: Tropicalseasonalforest: Tropicalrainforest:
MainIdea EffectsofLatitudeandClimate(Pages65G66) Analyzehowlatitudeaffectsclimateandwhy. Identifythreefactorsotherthanlatitudethataffectclimate. MainIdea MajorLandBiomes(Pages66G72) Sequencetheborealforest,temperateforest,andtundrainthediagram below. Classifythelandbiomedescribedbyeachcharacteristicbelow. Characteristic Biome Mosttreesdroptheirleavesduringthedryseason Annualrateofevaporationexceedstherateof rainfall Openareasoftreesandmixedshrubsalongthewest coastsofnorthandsouthamerica Mostdiverseofallbiomes,withacanopyand understoryofvegetation Grassesandscatteredtrees;receiveslessrainthan othertropicalareas Thickcoverofgrasseswithundergroundstemsand budsthatsurvivefires Denseevergreenforest;alsocallednorthern coniferousforestortiaga Composedofbroadleaveddeciduoustrees;hasfour welludefinesseasons Treeless;hasalayerofpermanentlyfrozensoil belowthesurfacecalledpermafrost MainIdea OtherTerrestrialAreas(Pages72G73) Analyzewhythetwolandareasbelowarenottruebiomes. Mountains: Polarregions:
UNITEIGHT:PRINCIPLESOFECOLOGY Section3.3AquaticEcosystems Objectives10G11 NewVocabulary:Definethefollowingterms. profundalzoneg interditalzoneg aphoticzoneg photiczoneg abyssalzoneg wetlandsg littoralzoneg estuaryg limneticzoneg benthiczoneg planktong MainIdea TheWateronEarth(Page74) CompletetheparagraphaboutthedistributionofwaterontheEarth. Byfar, isthemostcommontypeofwateron Earth.Ofthe2.5of onearth,mostislocked intheiceof.mostfreshwaterspeciesin thatmakeuponly ofallfreshwater.theremaining freshwaterisfoundin. MainIdea FreshwaterEcosystems(Pages74G77) Analyzehowthespeedofwaterflowaffectslifeinariverbywritingmoreor lessineachbox. Accumulationof sedimentandorganic material Speciesthatcanlivein thesewaters FastGmovingwater SlowGmovingwater Comparethezonesoflakesandpondsinthetablebelow. Zone Location ExampleSpecies WellUlitopenwaterarea Planktonandmanyspeciesof fish Limitedduetocoldand reducedlightandoxygen Littoral Algae,rootedandfloating plants,snails,insects,clams, crustaceans,fish,amphibians
MainIdea TransitionalAquaticEcosystems(Page78) Comparetransitionalaquaticecosystems.Identifytwotypesintheorganizer belowanddescribetheenvironmentseachtypecombines. TransitionalAquatic Ecosystem Combines Combines MainIdea MarineEcosystems(Pages79G81) Identifythemarineecosystems.Writethenameofthezoneineachboxin thefigurebelow. Shore UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU200mUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU OceanFloor Extremedepth UNITEIGHT:PRINCIPLESOFECOLOGY Section4.1PopulationDynamics Objective12 NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktocomparethetermsbydefiningthem sidebyside. Populationdensity: DensityIndependentFactor: Populationgrowthrate: Emigration: CarryingCapacity: Dispersion: DensityDependentFactor Immigration:
MainIdea PopulationCharacteristics(Pages92G94) Identifyeachpatternofdispersionrepresentedbelow...................... Analyzewhypopulationsarelimitedintheirspatialdistribution. ClassifyeachlimitingfactorbyplacinganXinthecorrectcolumn. Factor DensityG Independent LavaFlow DensityG Dependent MainIdea PopulationlimitingFactors(Pages94G99) Identifyfourmainfactorsinapopulation sgrowthrate. FactorsinPopulation sgrowthrate Illustratethedifferenttypesofgraphslabelinglagphase,exponentialgrowth phase,andcarryingcapacitywhereappropriate.beloweachgraphdescribe whatisbeingshown. ExponentialPopulation Growth LogisticPopulationGrowth NumberofPredators SpreadofDisease Especiallycoldweather Toxicchemicalspillintoastream Anotherspeciescompetingforthesame resources Divertingariverforirrigation FungusthatattacksElmtrees
UNITEIGHT:PRINCIPLESOFECOLOGY Section4.2HumanPopulation Objective13 NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktodefinethetermslistedbelow. agestructureg demographictransitiong demographyg zeropopulationgrowth(zpg)g MainIdea HumanPopulationsGrowth(Pages100G101) Identifyeventsthatcouldproduceeachofthefollowingeffects. 1. 2. DeclineinHumanPopulation GrowthRate IncreaseinHumanPopulation GrowthRate 1. 2. Explainwhytheexpectedhumangrowthrateisexpectedtobe0.9intheyear 2025whenthegrowthratewas1.3intheyear2003. MainIdea TrendsintheHumanPopulationsGrowth(Pages 102G105) Calculatethepopulationgrowthrateforeachfictitiouscountrylistedinthe tablebelow. Country Birthsper1000 Deathsper1000 GrowthRate X 25 9 Y 14 4 Z 12 15 Comparetrendsinindustrializednationsanddevelopingcountriesinterms ofthefollowing: Populationgrowthrate: Resourcesusedbyindividuals: Identifythreefactorsthatcouldkeepthehumanpopulationfromreaching itscarryingcapacity. 1. 2. 3.
UNITEIGHT:PRINCIPLESOFECOLOGY Section5.1Biodiversity Objective14G15 NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktodefinethetermslistedbelow. biodiversityg ecosystemdiversityg extinctiong geneticdiversityg speciesdiversityg AcademicVocabulary:Definediversetoshowitsscientificmeaning MainIdea WhatisBiodiversity?(Pages116G118) Describeobservabledifferencesamongthetypesofbiodiversityusinga forestecosystem. TypesofBiodiversity Example Geneticdiversity Speciesdiversity Ecosystemdiversity Analyzehowgeneticdiversityinapopulationofbacteriacanhelpthe bacteriabecomeresistanttoantibiotics. MainIdea TheImportanceofBiodiversity(Pages118G121) Organizehowhumansaredependentonplantsandanimalsbydescribing waysthatweuseproductsofeach. ProductsofAnimals ProductsofPlants Explainhowthehealthofthebiosphereimpactsthehealthofthepeople.
UNITEIGHT:PRINCIPLESOFECOLOGY Section5.2ThreatstoBiodiversity Objective16G17 NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktodefinethetermslistedbelow. BiologicalmagnificationG edgeeffectg eutrophicationg habitatfragmentationg introducedspeciesg overexploitationg MainIdea ExtinctionRates(Pages122G123) Summarizeextinctionratesbycompletingtheparagraph. isslowandgradual.it scaused as changebynaturalprocesses.a isaneventinwhichextinctionsincrease dramatically.somescientistsbelieveweareinaperiodof today. MainIdea FactorsThreateningBiodiversity(Pages123G126) Edgeeffects Introduced Species Pollution Habitat Fragmentation HabitatLoss
Sequencetheseriesofeventsdescribinghowahabitatcanbedisrupted. *Owlsthatpreyonsmallmammalsdecline *Deereatmostoftheyoungtreesintheforest *Squirrelsandrabbitsthatliveinandaroundthetreesdecline *Deerthatarepreyforpredatorsincreaseinnumber *Birdsthateattheinsectsdecline *Overhuntingcausesnaturalpredatorstodisappear *Insectsthatliveinthebarkofthetreedecline Overhuntingcausesnormalpredatorstodisappear Ferns,whichdeerdonoteat,growinsteadoftrees Insectsthatliveinthebark oftreesdecline Owlsthatpreyonsmall mammalsdecline UNITEIGHT:PRINCIPLESOFECOLOGY Section5.3ConservingBiodiversity Objective18G21 NewVocabulary:Useyourbooktodefinethetermslistedbelow. BiologicalaugmentationG bioremediationg endemicg sustainableuseg MainIdea ProtectingBiodiversity(Pages131G133) Summarizethepurposeofahabitatcorridor.
MainIdea RestoringEcosystems(Pages134G135) Organizethefactorsthatimpacthowlongittakesforanecosystemto recoverafteradisaster. FactorsthatAffectEcosystemRecoveryRate 1. 2. Explainthemethodsecologistsusetorestoreecosystems. Method:Bioremediation Howitworks: Example: Method:Biologicalaugmentation Howitworks: Example: MainIdea LegallyProtectingBiodiversity(Page135) Identifythelawortreatydesignedtoprotectbiodiversity LegallyProtectingBiodiversity Enacted1973,protectsspeciesthatarebecoming extinctorareindangerofbecomingextinct