International Journal of Mathematics and Soft Computing Vol., No. 0), 5-4. ISSN 49-8 Continuous Block Hybrid-Predictor-Corrector method for the solution of y = f x, y, y ) A.O. Adesanya, M.R. Odekunle Department of Mathematics, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, NIGERIA. A.O. Adeyeye Department of Mathematical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, NIGERIA. Abstract A method of collocation and interpolation of the power series approximate solution at some grid and off-grid points is considered to generate a continuous linear multistep method for the solution of general second order initial value problems at constant step size. We use continuous block method to generate independent solutions which serves as predictors at selected points within the interval of integration. The efficiency of the proposed method was tested and was found to compete favorably with the existing methods. Keywords: Collocation, interpolation, power series approximant, grid points, off grid points, continuous block method. AMS Subject Classification00): 65L05, 65L06, 65D0. Introduction This paper considers the solution to general second order initial value problem of the form y = f x, y x), y x) ), y x 0 ) = y 0, y x 0 ) = y 0 ) Awoyemi,, 5], Kayode 8, 9], Adesanya, Anake and Udoh ] have studied the direct solution to ). They proposed continuous linear multistep methods which were implemented in predictor-corrector mode. Continuous methods have the advantage of evaluating at all points within the integration interval, thus reduces the computational burden when evaluation is required at more than one point within the grid. They developed a separate reducing order of accuracy predictors and adopted Taylor series expansion to provide the starting values in order to implement the corrector. Jator 6], Jator and Li 7], Omar and Sulaiman 0], Awoyemi, Adebile, Adesanya and Anake 4], Zarina, Mohammed and Iskanla ] have proposed discrete block method of the form A 0) Y m = ey n + h µ df y n ) + h µ bf Y m ) ) to cater for the setback of the predictor corrector method. In this paper, we propose a continuous block formular which has an advantage of evaluating at all the points within the interval of integration. It has the same properties as the continuous linear multistep 5
6 A.O. Adesanya, M.R. Odekunle and A.O. Adeyeye method which is extensively discussed by Awoyemi,, 5]. The continuous block method is evaluated at selected grid points to generate the discrete block ) which serve as a predictor for the hybrid linear multistep method which is the corrector. Methodology. Development of continuous hybrid linear multistep Consider a monomial power series as the approximate solution in the form yx) = r+s ) a j x j ) The second derivative of ) gives y x) = r+s j= j j ) a j x j 4) where s and r are the number of interpolating points. Substituting 4) in ) we get f x, yx), y x) ) = r+s j= j j ) a j x j 5) x a, b], a j s are the parameters to be determined. The step size h) is given as h = x n+i x n, n = 0 ) N. Interpolating ) at x = x n+s, s = 0 ) and collocating 5) at x = x n+r, r = 0 ) gives a system of equations AX = U x n x n x n x 4 n x 5 n x 6 n x 7 n x 8 n x n+ x x x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 n+ n+ n+ n+ n+ n+ n+ x n+ x n+ x n+ x 4 n+ x 5 n+ x 6 n+ x 7 n+ x 8 n+ x n+ x x x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 n+ n+ n+ n+ n+ n+ n+ A = 0 0 6x n x n 0x n 0x 4 n 4x 5 n 56x 6 n 0 0 6x n+ x 0x 0x 4 4x 5 56x 6 n+ n+ n+ n+ n+ 0 0 6x n+ x n+ 0x n+ 0x 4 n+ 4x 5 n+ 56x 6 n+ 0 0 6x n+ x 0x 0x 4 4x 5 56x 6 n+ n+ n+ n+ n+ 0 0 6x n+ x n+ 0x n+ 0x 4 n+ 4x 5 n+ 56x 6 n+ X = a 0 a a a a 4 a 5 a 7 a 8 6)
Continuous Block Hybrid-Predictor-Corrector method for the solution of y = f x, y, y ) 7 U = y n y n+ y n+ y n+ f n f n+ f n+ f n+ f n+ Solving 6)for a j s using Gaussian elimination method and substituting in ) gives a continuous hybrid linear multistep method in the form where t = x xn h y t) = α j t) y n+j + α t) y n+ + α t) y n+ +β t) f n+ + β t) f n+ + h β j t) f n+j 7) α 0 = 8t 7 896t 6 + 5t 5 800t 4 + 44t 49t + ) 688t 8 0096t 7 + 596t 6 8704t 5 + 6646t 4 48t + 78t ) α = 7 α = 7 576t8 64t 7 + 90496t 6 06t 5 + 460t 4 40t 79t) α = 65 8064t8 55t 7 + 856t 6 548t 5 + 5648t 4 + 4784t 75t) β 0 = 780 008t8 5968t 7 + 896t 6 0059t 5 + 47t 4 554t + 9060t 4t) β = 9765 04t8 6984t 7 497t 6 + 80t 5 595t 4 + 58t 9774t) β = 440 0864t8 7044t 7 + 60888t 6 44704t 5 + 94t 4 + 808t + 45t) β = 9765 04t8 984t 7 + 4488t 6 48t 5 + 788t 4 + 808t 846t) β = 60 44t8 864t 7 + 98t 6 87t 5 + 6t 4 + 78t 7t) Evaluating 7) at t = 4, we have y n+ = y n 8 y n+ + h 00 + 8 y n+ 8 y n+ ) f n + 688f n+ + 58f n+ + 688f n+ + f n+ 8). Development of continuous block predictor Interpolating ) at x = x n+s, s = 0, and collocating 5) at x = x n+r, r = 0 ) gives a system of equations in the form of 5) where x n x n x n x 4 n x 5 n x 6 n x n+ x n+ x n+ x 4 n+ x 5 n+ x 6 n+ 0 0 6x n x n 0x n 0x 4 n A = 0 0 6x n+ x 0x 0x 4 n+ n+ n+ 0 0 6x n+ x n+ 0x n+ 0x 4 n+ 0 0 6x n+ x 0x 0x 4 n+ n+ n+ 0 0 6x n+ x n+ 0x n+ 0x 4 n+
8 A.O. Adesanya, M.R. Odekunle and A.O. Adeyeye X = a 0 a a a a 4 a 5 a 6 U = y n y n+ f n f n+ f n+ f n+ f n+ Solving for a js gives a continuous hybrid linear multistep method in the form y t) = α j t) y n+j + h β j t) f n+j + β t) f n+ + β t) f n+ 9) where t = x x n h α 0 = t, α = t β 0 = 8t 6 60t 5 + 75t 4 50t + 80t 5t ) 60 β = 4t 6 7t 5 + 65t 4 60t + 8t ) 8t 6 48t 5 + 95t 4 60t + 5t ) β = 60 β = 4t 6 t 5 + 5t 4 0t + t ) β = 60 8t6 6t 5 + 55t 4 0t + t). Solving for the independent solution y n+r, r = ), gives a continuous hybrid block Y m) t) = jh) m yn m + h µ m! σ j t) f n+j + h µ σ t) f n+ + h µ σ t) f n+ 0) where the coefficient of f n+j are given by σ 0 = 8t 6 7t 5 + 75t 4 56t + 80t ) 60 σ = 4t 6 7t 5 + 65t 4 60t ) σ = 8t 6 48t 5 + 95t 4 60t ) 60 σ = 4t 6 t 5 + 5t 4 0t ) σ = 60 8t6 6t 5 + 55t 4 0t ). Evaluating 0) at t = 0 ) gives a discrete block method in the form of equation ), d = 67 5760 5 60 47 640 4 5 440 9 80 7 60 7
Continuous Block Hybrid-Predictor-Corrector method for the solution of y = f x, y, y ) 9 b = 47 5 960 9 440 7 60 7 0 6 5 70 4 5 60 6 5 70 5 5 80 9 0 80 7 90 0 9 640 0 9 440 80 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 7 T A 0 = 8 8 identity matrix. Analysis of the basic properties of the block. Order of the method We define a linear operator on 7) to give L{yx) : h} = yx) α j t) y n+j + α t) y n+ + α h β j t) f n+j + β t) f n+ + β t) y n+ + t) f n+ ] ) Expanding y n+j and f n+j in Taylor series expansion and comparing the coefficient of h gives L{yx) : h} = C 0 yx) + C hy x) +... + C p h p y p x) + C p+ h p+ y p+ x) +C p+ h p+ y p+ x) +... ) Definition.. The difference operator L and the associated continuous linear multistep method 9) are said to be of order p if C 0 = C =... = C p = C p+ = 0 and C p+ is called the error constant and implies that the local truncation error is given by t n+k = C p+ h p+) y p+) x) + O h p+). The order of the proposed discrete scheme is 8, with error constant C p+ =. Consistency 79 59996600. A linear multistep method 7) is said to be consistent if it has order p and if ρ) = ρ ) = 0 and ρ ) =!σ) where ρr) is the first characteristic polynomial and σr) is the second characteristic polynomial. For the proposed method, ρr) = r + 8 r 8 r + 8 r + and
40 A.O. Adesanya, M.R. Odekunle and A.O. Adeyeye ) σr) = 465 r + 688r + 58r + 688r +. Clearly ρ) = ρ ) = 0 and ρ ) =!σ). Hence the proposed method is consistent.. Zero stability A linear multistep method is said to be zero stable, if the zeros of the first characteristic polynomial ρr) satisfies r and is simple for r =. For the proposed method, one of the roots of the first characteristic polynomial is 5.9. Hence the proposed method is not zero stable..4 Stability interval The method 7) is said to be absolute stable if for a given h, all roots z s of the characteristic polynomial π z, h) = ρ z) + h σ z) = 0, satisfies z s <, s =,,..., n. where h = λ h and λ = f y.. The boundary locus method is adopted to determine the region of absolute stability. Substituting the test equation y = λ h in 7) and substituting r = cos θ + i sin θ gives the stability region 0.4, 0] after evaluating hθ) at an interval of 0 0 in 0, 80 0]. 4 Numerical Experiments 4. Test Problems We test the proposed method with second order initial value problems. Problem : Consider the non-linear initial value problem I.V.P) y xy ) = 0, y0) =, y 0) =.h = 0.05 ) Exact solution: yx) = + ln +x x. This problem was solved by Awoyemi 5] where a method of order 8 is proposed and it is implemented in predictor-corrector mode with h = /0. Jator 6] also solved this problem in block method where a block of order 6 and step-length of 5 is proposed with h = 0.05. We compared the result with these two results as shown in Table. Problem : We consider the non-linear initial value problem I.V.P) y = y ) y y, y π 6 ) = 4, y π 6 ) =. Exact solution:sin x). This problem was solved by Awoyemi 5] where a method of order 8 is proposed and it is implemented in predictor-corrector mode with h = /0. Jator 6] also solved this problem in block method where a block of order 6 and step-length of 5 is proposed with h = 0.049. We compared the result with these two results as shown in Table.
Continuous Block Hybrid-Predictor-Corrector method for the solution of y = f x, y, y ) 4 Table for Problem x Exact result Computed result Error Error in 4] Error in 6] 0..050047978.050047977 7.508-) 6.69-4) 7.69-) 0..005477.005477 9.740-).00-0).509-) 0..5404596.54045898.768-).700-09) 4.586-) 0.4.07554054.0755956 9.7765-) 5.8946-09).0808-0) 0.5.554888.5548674.085-0).444-08).788-0) 0.6.09596040.095960807.9604-0) 4.866-08) 4.444-0) 0.7.65447547.654475566 7.0460-0) 5.09-08) 7.4446-0) 0.8.4648909.464898984.095-09) 9.-08).5009-09) 0.9.48470078594.4847007654.05-09).494-07).7579-09).0.54906444.549064087.5066-09).78-07) 4.740-09) Table for Problem x Exact result Computed result Error Error in 5] Error in 9].05988 0.7975508880 0.797550869.88-0) 4.6-07).8047-0).05988 0.8787 0.8786867.9-0) 4.5866-07).7950-0).05988 0.908846746 0.90884644.006-0) 4.098-07).490-0).405988 0.970046 0.970090.589-0).695-07) 5.4975-).505988 0.99549865 0.9954986 4.088-0) 4.559-08).5-0).605988 0.9989485 0.998948477 4.58-0) 4.8054-07) 4.485-0).705988 0.9846694808 0.984669475 4.847-0).0-06) 7.7969-0).805988 0.94677507609 0.94677507560 5.0696-0).6785-06).840-09).905988 0.89769795 0.8976978 5.697-0).857-06).68-09).005988 0.840898067 0.84089805657 5.8-0).08-06).0567-09) 5 Conclusion In this paper we have proposed a two-step two-point hybrid method. Continuous block method which has the properties of evaluation at all points with the interval of integration is adopted to give the independent solution at non overlapping intervals as the predictor to an order eight corrector. This new method forms a bridge between the predictor-corrector method and block method. Hence it shares the properties of both the methods. The new method performed better than the block method and the predictor corrector method. Therefore we recommend this method in developing numerical methods for the solutions of initial value problems of ordinary differential equations. References ] A. O. Adesanya, T.A. Anake, M.O. Udoh, Improved continuous method for direct solution of general second order ordinary differential equation, J. of Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics, 008), 59-6. ] D. O. Awoyemi, A new sixth order algorithms for general second order ordinary differential equation, Int. J. Computer Math., 7700), 7 4.
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