x:ml Jul 27/3/12 13:46 g 171 Sy Nvl z d h mum ld jg l fm ly by A.E. Vg* d C. wl I ml g h u d uu f vl jggg xm w lyd dm h ff f l z, h, d dy jggg fm. dlly, h mul mum f h z d h f dvdul l vy du d u d. Ug vl mul-vw mgg hqu h 3-dml f h l h ml w dmd. Fm h vl z d h mum w xd, d h w ld wh h dvdul l dy mum. A gu vg h fd d wh dy d h z d h fu fu f ml z w dud, hu llwg h gf f l h d b dmd. h jg fm w b lly v dy d mkdly l z, whl h ul f h dd h d f ud wk h df f l h. Kywd jg, MDS, z, h, dy. Idu h Sh Ex j (SE) l w dgd bf lw-gd (<60%F) d du 13 M/ f du ug jggg hlgy. Jggg hlgy w ld du hgh u d f 4.2 g/m3, qud f lw-gd bf, md h u d hvbl d mdum l. h SE l f fv mj : uhg, ml, bf, fl du hdlg, d quly l v. h bf fuh dvdd gh mdul, whh ml lfd h z l: h f (-25 mm+8 mm), h mdum f (-8 mm+3 mm) d h f f (-3 mm+1 mm). h quly l v ulz h Ml Dy S (MDS) d d vlu h fm f jg. h MDS w dvld by Mk hz l dm, jg mulg, h f fu f z, dy, d h f l. I ud f ml dff dy ly whh z d h l ly l. h u ml h fll wh h z g 1 mm 30 mm, wh -u f <4:1, ddg h l dy g f h ml wll h mu f -dy ml. h hqu mly ml l jg, d ulz ly w d mhl gy lf h l uwd, gvg hm h l bd1. Qufyg h ff f l z d h jg fm h vuly b dfful, qug u dvdul 3-dml l z d h mum lg d vy mumg2,3. h h m h h ulg d f mll dw mgful lu gv h -l v f h mum, x wh h -l v lg. I dd, bu f h dffuly, h f ly mud -l. R dvlm mu v hlgy hv bld h u d d 3-dml (3D) ly f l4. Nw, full dvdul 3D z, h, d uf fu b mud f d, d f mu. Clg h wh dvdul l dy h m h h dy mum h w bm h blk h d ug. Qufyg h ff f l z, h, d dy h ffy f jg wll fyg h ml u z, h, d dy g f jg. Uddg h mu f v l m ml l llw h ml z b mlly h, vg vlubl lby m f - ly. * Dbh, D B Gu Sv (y) Ld. Kumb I O Ld. h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy, 2012. SA ISSN 0038 223X/3.00 + 0.00. h w f d h, I O d Mg O Mllugy Cf, 5 7 Smb 2011, My Hll, Mulddf, Jhbug. h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 112 MARCH 2012 171
x:ml Jul 27/3/12 13:46 g 172 Nvl z d h mum ld jg l fm ly Ml d Svl ml w bd fm h, mdum, d f jg. h ml w md u f h fd, du, d w ml, whh w bd ug h ISO dd um ml. h fd, du, d w ml w h fuh d hugh h MDS. h uu fm h ml vl ly f ml, h ly g ml f ml dy, wh ly 1 (whh hv) h bm d ly 10 (whh lgh) h. h ml ml, h md u f vl d ly d by h MDS. N ly w lgh h 1 kg hv h 11 kg. Ay gl ml ly l f f h z l (f, mddl dbd h fllwg ). h ml dbd bl I. Exml du Eh l dvdully mgd by mul-m mgg ym lld h VSFD (V Sz Fquy Dbu) mh, hw Fgu 2. h dv u mull mulu vw f l ug x m f u 20 l d. Alvly, bh f l my b d hugh h mh mull m h m vw f h l d ( mull f x). Ug h vw, u 3D mdl f h l d hw Fgu 1. h l fu mud fm h 3D mdl, d h uy f h fu dd lgly h umb f vw vlbl, h xl lu f h l h mg, wll h uy f h ym lb5. w xm w fmd. I h f xm, 1000 l fm h ly (72 000 l l) w mud by h VSFD d z d h mum w fmd h ulg 3D mdl f h l. I h d xm, dy w ld wh h 3D mdl. A h dy mum w m-umg, ly h h ml fm h z g w lyd d h umb f l ly w lmd 200 (3000 l l). C w k dw h l (1000 200) fm h ly ubd m. F h, g ffl (Fgu 3) w ud l h ml ul h umb f l w bd. A g ffl h b hw b l flud by b h h mlg mhd6. Fgu 1 Svl xml f 3D mdl f l d ug h VSFD Fgu 2 h VSFD dv ud 3D mdl f l Fgu 3 h ml w l ug g ffl (lf) d wghd m bl (gh) bl I Summy f ml lyd Sml umb Sml m Numb f ly MDS l z Smlg 1 CJF5 5 C Fd 2 CJ5 5 C du 3 CJW5 5 C W 4 MJ5 9 Mddl du 5 MJF5 9 Mddl Fd 6 MJW5 10 Mddl W 7 FJ5 9 F du 8 FJW5 10 F W 9 FJF5 9 F Fd 172 MARCH 2012 VOLUME 112 h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy
x:ml Jul 27/3/12 13:46 g 173 Nvl z d h mum ld jg l fm ly Udzd l d by h mlg hdlg f h ml w mvd by vg h, mddl d f ml wh 5 mm, 2.5 mm d 1 mm v vly. Al, h VSFD mh lghm w g l mll h 2.5 mm, 1.5 mm, d 0.7 mm v vly. l w f wghd dy d h h ubmgd wgh ud w ( 20 C) w mud. h w mum llw lul h vlum d dy f h l7 (Adx A). Du () h lu g ud h mbl (1 mg), (b) flud b by h l d () ff m bl dug dy mum, d w mud wh 1% f h l ul dy. I fuu, l my b -kd lm h flud b h m l xhbd dug ubm8. h mgh l b h ul d xd jg. If flud b k l (.. bubbl m fm h l f ubm), h l wgh w k 10 d f w ubmgd. Sh f h fllwg z, h9, d dy fu w mud (h dfd Adx A): Fl Elg Cm Cvxy Suf ugh Vlum Suf Zgg h l Sd d Flk h l Smll lg qu yld (mul qu mh v) Smll l (mul g zg) Flk Wgh fm h mbl Vlum fm h mbl Dy fm h mbl. Fgu 4 Dy uv llug h jg' bly l h fd bd dy. Cuv mlzd f u Fgu 5 Cumulv dy uv llug h jg bly l h fd bd dy. h b hw h 95% fd vl Rul Jg vy l fu Wh d fm ll h ly ml mbd, h ulg dbu f l fu llu h vy f h jg h fu. h dy, z, d h vy llud Fgu 4 11 (f bvy, ly vlum, flk, m, d qu mh z hw). By g h l hw ly l wh w dy d z g, h vy f h jg h hghlghd hw Fgu 10. N h by g h d, h umb f l l dud d fd l dud. Aly f MDS ul A h MDS dv l u jggg l, xd xhb ml v jg h l. h MDS Fgu 6 Cumulv z uv llug h jg dy l h fd bd z (qu mh z hw h) h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 112 MARCH 2012 173
x:ml Jul 27/3/12 13:46 g 174 Nvl z d h mum ld jg l fm ly fm hw Fgu 12 14 (f bvy ly h ml dy, qu mh z d flk ld). h ly m d h 95% fd vl f h m ld. Fgu 7 Cumulv z uv llug h jg dy l h fd bd z (vlum hw h) Sh lf l w l lfd ug w dd h lf hm Zgg l d Sd d Flk dgm9 ( Adx A). F bvy, ly ul f h C ml ( xm 1) buld blw, d ly Zgg l hw bl II d III. h lf hw Fgu 15. Eh blk d l h ly d h blu d d h m vlu f h d. h g h l d by h blk l h h l dfd by Zgg. h hdd bkgud d h ld d dy. Fgu 8 Cumulv h uv llug h jg bly l h fd bd h (m hw h), gv h dy g d z g f h l Fgu 10 Sh uv llug h jg' d vy h (flk hw h), gv wd l dy g d z g. Cfd gly dud bu f h mll d Fgu 9 Sh uv llug h jg' bly l h fd bd h (flk hw h), gv h dy g d z g f h l Fgu 11 h gf l bw dy d flk 174 MARCH 2012 VOLUME 112 h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy
x:ml Jul 27/3/12 13:46 g 175 Nvl z d h mum ld jg l fm ly Clulg h f h bud f bul qu h l mhd hz h h f h ml whl. h w vgd f vd f h jg g bg ffd by l h. Rul hw bl IV, bu hw d. bl II Zgg h l bud dff ly f fd Fgu 12 h MDS bl l h ml bd dy, wh d l uyg h lw ml ly (200 l ly) 1 2 3 4 5 Bldd 10.9% 8.2% 8.9% 9.2% 11.3% l 14.6% 21.8% 21.3% 21.5% 23.1% bul 24.8% 31.4% 32.2% 32.0% 31.6% Equ 49.7% 38.5% 37.6% 37.3% 34.0% bl III Sd d Flk h l bud dff ly f fd 1 2 3 4 5 Vy ly 0.0% 1.2% 0.9% 0.9% 0.6% Vy bldd 3.2% 2.5% 2.8% 2.7% 3.7% Vy lg 2.1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.7% 1.5% ly 5.2% 7.2% 7.4% 8.2% 8.1% Bldd 20.7% 21.7% 21.2% 21.9% 25.3% Elg 8.4% 14.6% 14.5% 13.6% 16.0% Cm ly 7.1% 8.4% 11.1% 9.7% 7.1% Cm bldd 25.7% 23.2% 21.3% 20.4% 17.6% Cm lg 14.1% 12.3% 13.9% 13.9% 12.5% Cm 13.4% 7.7% 5.7% 7.0% 7.6% Fgu 13 h MDS l xhb h dy l h ml bd h l z (1000 l ly) Fgu 14 Ll bd h (flk hw h), h ml dy g d z g lg (1000 l ly) Fgu 15 C fd, ly 1, ld Zgg l h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 112 MARCH 2012 175
x:ml Jul 27/3/12 13:46 g 176 Nvl z d h mum ld jg l fm ly bl IV Cm f h bud f bul d qu l h ml F (18 635 l) Mddl (18 248 l) C (8 961 l) bul Equ R bul Equ R bul Equ R Fd 35.5% 31.3% 1.14 38.4% 27.2% 1.41 31.1% 38.3% 0.81 du 36.8% 30.0% 1.23 37.7% 27.5% 1.37 31.5% 37.9% 0.83 W 35.7% 30.3% 1.17 40.0% 24.9% 1.61 35.2% 32.4% 1.08 Cludg mk h mhd dbd f dly dmg dy d 3D z d h my b ud fuu ly h l gf f vu jggg m. h wk hw h by ug ml k ubd m d by mug dvdul l d uly, bly mll ml z qud u dy uv wh hgh fd. I fuu, h my llw m xml b dd wh dg jggg xm, h mum f dy w l du. F h ml lyd h, h jggg d MDS ml mly dy, lhugh h l dy f l z flu h. h bu fm h m glgbl d ly lgh ff b. Ev hugh lg umb f h fu w mud, h d ly u h bhvu f h l dug h jggg. A m h mu bg vgd h k u h dym f h jggg d h h h l x h. h mum md h xg 3D mdl. Wh lg (fm h d) l wh muh w z d dy dbu, hw h vy h m lly. Ufuly, by g h z d dy g h ml z d fd dud. Fuu wk wll lud ld l wh w z d dy g d wd h dbu vg h h vy f h ud d d whl ll hvg bly zd d. Fm h h bud mum (bl IV) h gv ml l d h h ff h fm f h jg. H g h bu f h mlly vwhlmd by h z d dy vy f h. h 3D mdl ld wh dy d h udy wuld b vlubl l ul u mul ud bg ld f Bh h VSFD d m bl m h vlum f h l. Bh uff fm u (.g. h VSFD v d lmd by h umb f vw ud; h mbl l lu wh mll l d ffd by h l bbg w). Fgu 16 hw h vlum dud by bh ym f ly. F vy mll l lg d, wuld b m ff u h VSFD vlum d h mbl wgh lul dy. Rf 1. GREEN, R., GROBLER, J., 2010. VERMAAK, M., d FOUCHE,. Hgh dy f hqu f lumy. Symum S S61 hyl Bf, Cf, CSIR,, 4 6 My 2010, Jhbug. h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy.. 115 125. 2. OKONA, F. d MAGAGULA, S. 2011. Rlwy Fud f m Suh Af quy, El Jul f Ghl Egg, vl. 16 B.. 179 197. 3. WANG, L., LU, Y., LANE, D., d DRUA, C. 2009. bl mg ly ym f hz ggg mhlgy. Rh Rd: Jul f h Rh Bd, vl. 2104.. 3 11. 4. FORBES, K., VOIG, A., d BODIKA, N. 2003. Ug lhu y buld 3D mdl, dg f h Fuh Aul Symum f h Rg A f Suh Af (RASA 2003), Lgb, Suh Af, 27 28 Nvmb 2003.. 5. FORBES, K., NICOLLS, F., DE JAGER, G., d VOIG, A. 2006. Sh-fmlhu wh w m d ulbd m. dg f h 9h Eu Cf Cmu V (ECCV 2006), Gz, Au, 7 13 My 2006. 6. ALLEN,. l Sz Mum., Sg, vl. 1, 1996.. 4 7. 7. ASM. C693-93. Sdd mhd f dy f gl by buyy. Am Sy f g d Ml, W Chhk, ylv, 1998. 8. BSI. Bh Sdd BS 2955. 1991. Gly f m Rlg l hlgy. Bh Sdd Iu, Ld. 9. BENN, D. d BALLANYNE, C. 1993. h d d f l h. Eh Suf d Ldfm, vl. 18,. 665 672. Fgu 16 h vlum mum fmd by h VSFD d mbl mbl dy mum h VSFD vlum my b ud d f h vlum by ubm 176 MARCH 2012 VOLUME 112 h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy
x:ml Jul 27/3/12 13:46 g 177 Nvl z d h mum ld jg l fm ly Adx A Dfg h l h (z, h f d dy) h fllwg mum md ug h 3D mdl f h l u:, b, Cl dm lg h f h l l d, ulg h hgl mum wh h lg l, b h md d h h. Mud mllm Fl A vlu lg h 1 ld h fl f h l d dfd by h f b:. A h h fl qul 1 Elg A vlu lg h 1 ld h lg f h l d dfd by h :b. A h h lg qul 1 Cm A vlu mll h 1 ld h m f h l d dfd by. A h m mu 1 Dk-d A vlu bw 0 d 1 dg wh h l l lg h dk (vy fl lk qu h f ) d (vy lg d h lk l) uum. I dfd by h (-b):(-) Vlum h vlum f h 3D mdl f h l. Mud ub mllm Smll lg qu yld h mum mul h hyl f vg ug qu u v. Mud h dg z f h mll qu hl h l wll gh hugh mllm Smll l h mum mul g zg. Mud h mll g h h l wll gh hugh mllm (Fgu 17) Flk Cluld h f h mll lg qu yld h mll l Suf h uf f h 3D mdl f h l. Mud qu mllm Cvxy A vlu bw 0 d 1 dg hw vx h l d dfd by h vlum:vx vlum. h vx vlum f l b mgd ullg bll ghly ud l, hu vg y v vlum ud h l. A ff mug wuld f hv my ludd vx vlum Fgu 17 Exml f mll lg qu yld (lf) d mll l (gh) wh vlum lf xlud h my. A h d ub hv vx f 1 Suf ugh A vlu bgg qul z whh mu h udul h l uf. I dfd h um f h hgh hl hm ff f h l uf. A h uf ugh qul 0 Zgg h l h l h lfd f fu l dfd by Zgg9. h lf bd h, b, d mum d llud h fgu blw: Sd d Flk h l h l h lfd f l dfd by Sd d Flk9. h lf bd h, b, d mum d llud Fgu 18. F h u f h, Sd d Flk dgm ld bxl gh d y dgm d dlly. h fllwg mum md ug h mbl: Dy wgh Mud mllgm Submgd wgh h l wghd whl ubmgd w 20 C Vlum h l ubmgd wgh qul dy wgh mu h wgh f h w h dl. hu, h dff f h dy d ubmgd wgh mum dvdd by h dy f w gv h vlum f h l mud ub mllm Dy h dy wgh dvdd by h vlum f h l gv h dy f h l klgm l. Fgu 18 Zgg d Sd d Flk dgm wh yl h hw h Jul f h Suh Af Iu f Mg d Mllugy VOLUME 112 MARCH 2012 177