Section Topic Description You should be able to: 3.2.1.1 Structure of Label the organelles present in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic Cells State the function and structure of the organelles in eukaryotic cells. Describe the arrangement of specialised cells in tissues, organs and organ systems. 3.2.1.2 Structure of Describe the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. prokaryotic cells and Label and recognise the structures found in prokaryotic cells. viruses Label the structure of a virus and describe how they are different to prokaryotic cells. 3.2.1.3 Methods of studying cells Describe how optical microscopes and electron microscopes work and list the limitations of both. Recognise the difference between magnification and resolution. Calculate magnification using the formula: magnification = size of image / size of real object. Explain how cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation are used to separate cell components. 3.2.2 Cell division Why some cells do not have the ability to divide. Describe what happens during the cell cycle: what happens during interphase, what happens generally during mitosis? Describe the behaviour of chromosomes during interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Describe what happens during cytokinesis. Explain what happens when mitosis goes out of control. Explain how cancer treatments work by disrupting the cell cycle at different stages. Describe what happens during binary fission of prokaryotic cells. Describe how viruses replicate using host cells. Explain how you would prepare a root tip squash to calculate the mitotic index in plant root tips. 3.2.3 Transport across cell Label the basic structure of cell membranes. membranes Describe the arrangement and movement of phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins and glycolipids in the fluid mosaic model of the membrane. Describe the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane. Describe how the following methods transport substances across the membrane: o Simple diffusion o Facilitated diffusion o Osmosis o Active transport o Co-transport Describe how cells are adapted for rapid transport across the membrane. Explain how to produce a dilution series of a solute to create a calibration curve. Explain how you use this graph to calculate the solute concentration of a potato. Explain how to carry out an investigation into a named variable on the permeability of a cell membrane. 3.2.4 Cell recognition and the immune system Discuss the role of specific molecules attached to the cell membrane that allows the immune system to identify pathogens, toxins, abnormal body cells and cells from other organisms of the same species. RAG when covered Date Revised RAG when revised
Define the term antigen and describe the effect of antigen variability on disease prevention. Describe the process of phagocytosis. Describe and explain the role of T-lymphocytes in their responses to a foreign antigen. Describe the response of B lymphocytes to foreign matter, clonal selection and the release of monoclonal antibodies. Describe how vaccines provide protection for individuals and populations against disease. State the differences between active and passive immunity. Describe the structure of HIV and how is replicates using helper T cells. Explain how is causes AIDS and why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses. Discuss the use of monoclonal antibodies in medical diagnosis and targeting medication to specific cell types. Discuss the ethical impacts of using vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. Describe how antibodies are used in the ELISA test. Keyword Definition Keyword Definition Absorption Lymphocytes Active immunity Active transport AIDS Anaphase Antigen-antibody complex Antigens Antigenic variability ATP Attachment proteins Binary fission B-lymphocytes Buffering Lysosomes Lysozyme Magnification Matrix Memory cells Metaphase Mitosis Mitochondria Monoclonal antibodies Non-specific Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores
Cancer Capsid Capsule Carrier proteins Cell cycle Cell fractionation Cell specialisation Cell wall Cell-mediated response Centrifuge Chlorophyll Chloroplast Chloroplast envelope Cholesterol Chromatid Chromosomes Concentration Constant region Co-transport Cristae Nucleolus Nucleoplasm Object Objective lens Optical microscope Organ systems Organelles Organs Osmosis Passive immunity Permeability Phagocytosis Phagosome Phospholipids Photomicrograph Plasma cells Plasmids Plasmolysis Primary immune response Prokaryotic cell
Cytokinesis Cytoxic T cells ELISA test Epithelial tissues Eukaryotic cell Extrinsic Eyepiece graticule Eyepiece lens Facilitated diffusion Filtrate Flaccid Flagellum Fluid-mosaic model Glycolipids Glycoproteins Golgi apparatus Grana Heavy chains Herd immunity Prophase Protein channels Resolution Retrovirus Reverse transcriptase Ribosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Scanning Electron microscope Secondary immune response Simple diffusion Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Sodium-potassium pump Specific Spindle fibres Stage micrometer Stroma Supernatant Telophase Thylakoids
HIV Homogenation Humoral response Hydrolysis Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Image Intrinsic Light chains T-lymphocytes Transmission Electron microscope Turgid Ultracentrifugation Vaccination Vacuoles Variable region Viruses Water potential Xylem