Review_Unit 2 Biochemistry Basic Chemistry 1. What is an element? A substance that cannot be broken down into smaller particles. 2. What are atoms? The smallest part of an element that still maintains all the characteristics of that element. The basic building blocks of all matter. 3. What 3 sub-particles make up an atom? Neutron Proton Electron 4. Where is a neutron found in an atom? In the nucleus 5. What is the charge of a neutron? It does not have a charge 6. Where is a proton found in an atom? In the nucleus 7. What is the charge of a proton? It is positively charged 8. Where is an electron found in an atom? Orbiting the nucleus 9. What is the charge of an electron? It is negatively charged
10. The region around a nucleus that electrons travel in is called an: Energy Level 11. T or F Atoms like to have their outer most energy levels FULL. 12. Fill in the total possible # of electrons for each energy level: Energy Level # of Electrons 1 2 2 8 3 18 13. What are Isotopes? Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons 14. Isotopes are referred to in terms of the combined total of: Protons and Neutrons 15. Define chemical compound: A substance that is composed of 2 or more different elements that are chemically combined 16. T or F Chemical compounds have new emergent properties not found in the individual elements. 17. List 2 common types of chemical bonds? What happens to the electrons in each chemical bond type? Covalent Bonds (The atoms share electrons) Ionic Bonds (The bond between atoms is formed by gaining or losing electrons) 18. Define Molecule: Atoms that are held together by covalent bonds and have no overall charge 19. Define Ion: Charged products of a chemical reaction that results from an ionic bond An electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons
20. T or F Chemical reactions occur when bonds between compounds are broken or formed 21. T or F Atoms are never created or destroyed 22. T or F Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in the organism. 23. Define Solution: A mixture in which one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance A homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. 24. Give an example of a solution: Salt Water 25. The ph scale goes from what number to what number? 0 to 14 26. Which ph level is neutral? 7 27. Which range are acids found? Between 0 and 7 28. Which range are basis found? Between 7 and 14 29. Define Acid: Any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water H + 30. Define Base Any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water OH - 31. Sketch an ATP Molecule 32. T or F ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate
Biomolecules 33. What is a monomer? A molecule (or compound) that consists of a single unit and can join with others in forming a larger molecule 34. T or F Organic molecules refer to the carbon based molecules found in all living things 35. T or F Inorganic molecules refer to non-carbon molecules found in nonliving things 36. List the 4 major classes of organic molecules that living things are primarily made of: 1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids 37. List the name of the monomer for each biomolecule and sketch the structure of the monomer. Biomolecule Monomer Basic Structure Carbohydrate monosaccharide A single sugar molecule Lipid Glycerol Head and Fatty Acid Glycerol Head Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Protein Amino Acid Nucleic Acid Nucleotide
38. Write out the name for each element symbol below: Element Element Name Symbol C Carbon H O N P Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphate Carbohydrates 39. What are the elements found in carbohydrates? In what ratio do they occur? CHO with a 1:2:1 ratio 40. Name two categories of simple carbohydrates. Give examples of each: 1. monosaccharides Example: Glucose Molecule 2. disaccharides Example: Sucrose Molecule made up of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule 41. Name the category for complex carbohydrates. Give 3 examples of complex carbohydrates and the use of each. polysaccharide Polysaccharide Examples: Starch is produced by most green plants as an energy store. Cellulose is composed of glucose monomers and is the main constituent of the cell walls of plants. Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose that is mainly produced in the liver and muscle cells, and functions as secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells. Glycogen is sometimes referred to as "animal starch."
42. What is the monomer for carbohydrates called? monosaccharides 43. Do carbohydrates have polymers? Yes 44. If yes, what is the polymer of carboydrates called? polysaccharides 45. What main function do carbohydrates provide for living organisms? provides a quick energy source for living organisms Provides structure for plants 46. List 3 common carbohydrates: 1. sugar 2. potatoes 3. bread 47. T or F Carbohydrates break down into monosaccharides Lipids 48. What main elements arebfound in lipids? CHO very few Oxygen 49. Name two categories of fats. Give examples of each: 1. saturated butter shortening 2. unsaturated olive oil vegetable oil 50. What does it mean to be a saturated fat? Carbon forms a single bond with other elements in the fatty acid chain. 51. What does it mean to be an unsaturated fat? Carbon forms double bonds in the fatty acid chain
52. Sketch a saturated fat molecule and an unsaturated fat molecule: 53. What is the monomer for lipids called? Glycerol Head and Fatty Acid Chain 54. Do lipids have polymers? No 55. If yes, what is the name of the polymer for a lipid? Lipids do not have polymer. 56. What main function do lipids provide for living organisms? Lipids provide long-term storage of energy Lipids are steroids such as cholesterol Lipids help protect against drying out. Lipids help insulating against cold. Lipid help absorb shocks. Lipids regulate cell activities by hormone actions. Cell membranes are composed of lipids Organelle membranes are composed of lipids
57. What is this a picture of? Cell or Organelle Membrane Proteins 58. What are the elements found in Proteins? CHON 59. What is the monomer for proteins called? amino acid 60. How many types of amino acids are there? 20 61. Do proteins have polymers? Yes 62. If yes, what is the name of the polymer for a protein? protein, polypeptide chain
63. What main functions do proteins provide for living organisms (list at least 5 functions)? 1. Enzymes to speed up chemical reactions in organisms 2. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and thentransport carbon dioxide out of the tissue back to the lungs. 3. Collagen is the main structural protein found in animal connective tissue, yielding gelatin when boiled. 4. Keratin is a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns, etc. 5. Insulin - helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia) 6. Histones - are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation. 7. Antibodies are also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), are large, Y-shaped proteins produced mainly by plasma cells that are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. 8. Forms bone, muscles, cell markers. 64. T or F Proteins are very divers in function and shape 65. T or F Proteins have 4 categories of shapes/structures based on complexity (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures) 66. T or F Proteins break down into amino acids
Nucleic Acids 67. What are the elements found in Nucleic Acids? CHONP 68. What is the monomer for Nucleic Acids called? Nucleotide 69. Sketch the structure of a nucleotide and label the 3 parts (Nitrogen Base, Phosphate Group & Sugar) 70. Do nucleic acids have polymers? Yes 71. If yes, what is the name of the polymer for a nucleic acid? DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid) 72. What main functions do nucleic acids provide for living organisms? Stores instructions for designing life and making proteins, Stores hereditary information to be passed on to future generations Directs all cell activities 73. T or F Nucleic Acids break down into nucleotides.
Enzymes 74. What biomolecules are enzymes made up of? Proteins 75. What is the main function of enzymes? To speed up chemical reactions that keep organisms alive 76. T or F All living things require enzymes to stay alive. 77. T or F Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. 78. T or F Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction 79. T or F each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job 80. T or F enzymes are named for the reaction they help 81. T or F Enzymes are not changed by the reaction 82. T or F re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules 83. T or F very little enzyme is needed to help in many reactions 84. T or F Enzymes reduce the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur 85. T or F After the reaction is complete, the substrate has formed a new product or products and the enzyme is released to be reused. 86. T or F The shape of the active site (the lock ) determines which substrate (which key ) will fit into the enzyme. 87. T or F Enzymes function in a narrow temperature range. 88. T or F Enzymes function in a narrow ph range. 89. T or F An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity. 90. T or F The binding of an inhibitor to an enzyme can stop a substrate from entering the enzyme's active site and/or hinder the enzyme from catalyzing its reaction.
91. Define Enzyme: A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions 92. Define Substrate: Molecule that enzymes work on; the reactant of the chemical reaction 93. Define Enzyme-substrate complex: Enzyme & molecule temporarily joined 94. Define Active site: Part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into like a lock and key. The active site acts as the lock and the substrate/reactant acts as the key. 95. List 4 FACTORS that can affect an ENZYME S FUNCTION? 1. Concentration of Substrate 2. Concentration of Enzymes 3. Temperature 4. ph (acids & bases) 5. Enzyme Shape
Water 96. Write the chemical compound for water: H 2 O 97. Draw a picture of a water molecule and label the Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms. Also, indicate which part is slightly positive and which is slightly negative. 98. T or F H2O is a NEUTRAL molecule (# of positively charged protons = # of negatively charged electrons) 99. T or F Oxygen in a water molecule attracts most of the electrons toward its end and away from the hydrogen 100. T or F The OXYGEN END of a water molecule acts NEGATIVE, while the HYDROGEN END acts POSITIVE 101. T or F POLARITY is the unequal distribution of charge across the molecule 102. T or F Because of polarity HYDROGEN BONDS form between water molecules 103. Define cohesion: Like molecules are attracted to each other 104. T or F Cohesion produces surface tension
105. Define adhesion: Unlike molecules are attracted to each other 106. T or F Adhesion causes WATER DROPLETS to form 107. T or F Adhesion causes H 2 O molecules to hold to XYLEM TUBES in plants combined with the cohesive property of water it causes the H 2 O molecues to move upward 108. T or F Water is less dense as a solid 109. T or F When water freezes it forms crystal-like bonds that puts the molecules at fixed distances from each other. 110. T or F The fixed distance in frozen water molecules is further apart than the hydrogen bonds that pull liquid water molecules together. 111. T or F Floating ice insulates lakes so organisms can stay alive during extreme cold weather. Note: HEAT OF VAPORIZATION is the energy that must be added to the substance, typically a liquid, to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas. For water it is (540 Cal/g) 112. T or F Heat of Vaporization/evaporation is measured by the amount of heat energy needed to change 1g of 100oC boiling water to 100oC steam 113. T or F Water has a high heat of vaporization/evaporation 114. T or F Produces EVAPORATIVE COOLING from your body surface as you sweat 115. T or F Water dissolves more substances than any other known substance
116. T or F Water does not dissolve lipids 117. T or F Water provides an AQUEOUS (WATERY) ENVIRONMENT for cells so diffusion and metabolic reactions can take place Chemical Reactions Chemical Equations Reactant + Reactant Product 118. What are the 2 main categories for chemical reactions? Chemical reactions that build up molecules into larger molecules and Chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller parts 119. Draw the ph scale. Label the numbers of the scale. Indicate which number is neutral. Indicate the acid range. Indicate the base range. Indicate which side is more concentrated with OH- and Indicate which side is more concentrated with H+.
Info to Study Creating Larger Molecules Anabolic stores energy in newly formed chemical bonds Dehydration Synthesis 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen (forming H 2 O) are removed so monomers can bond with each other and create larger molecules. Breaking Molecules Down Into Smaller Parts Catabolic releases energy as chemical bonds break Hydrolysis adding water helps break apart larger molecules