Lyrical Life Science Bacteria to Birds Volume 1 Update Part 1

Lyrical Life Science Bacteria to Birds Volume 1 Update Part 1 When I wrote the songs in 1990 for what later became the first of three life science volumes, I decided not to get into too much detail about cell organelles. I figured that if I started in on the rest of them ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. then I d have to cover them all. Instead, I included only the cell structures important in classifying living organisms into the five kingdoms, namely the presence or absence of a nucleus, cell wall, and chloroplasts. Over the years I ve had requests to write a song about all the cell organelles, as students have been expected to learn about them at younger and younger ages. So I finally did, and it was as hard or harder than I thought! Bobby Horton recorded Cell Organelles (written to the old Irish tune Gary Owen the score for which can be found on-line), and it s a mouth-full! This is one of those challenging content-rich songs that I m hoping kids have fun learning, as they do tongue twisters. I didn t change the text much, as I didn t want to write a whole additional chapter about the functions and interactions of all the organelles, but I did make workbook pages for the new song. The other revision I wanted to make had to do with biological classification: in Part 1 I include a change in the big groupings, that of kingdoms and the addition of domains; and in Part 2 I have updated what had been the kingdom Protozoa, and written a new song (as well as text and workbook pages) about Protists as they are currently classified. This Part 1 update includes updated text, instructions for merging text into the original book, new workbook worksheets and answer key. An MP3 of one new song, Cell Organelles may be downloaded separately. Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 1 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Lyrical Life Science Bacteria to Birds Volume 1 Update Part 1 The following pages replace pages 13 through 17 of Volume 1, starting with the section titled The Cell. Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 2 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Cell Organelles Plasma membrane envelops the cell all around Cytoplasm is where organelles will be found The thick fluid it s made of is called cytosol The organelles in cells are all mighty small All membranes are selectively permeable So there s movement of ions and of molecules By diffusion to the higher concentrations By osmosis through membranes this balancing s done In the nucleus there s DNA It controls with messenger RNA And DNA makes up chromosomes Nucleoli do synthesize new ribosomes And the cytoskeleton provides Reinforcement and support besides Motility is by cilia Which are hair-like, or else from whip-like flagella Endoplasmic reticulum here are the facts: They are networks of membranes with tubes and with sacs There are some having ribosomes making them rough That s where proteins and membranes are made, sure enough But the smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes Lipids, that s where the cell changes carbohydrates Storing calcium; poisons detoxified there These functions take place in smooth and rough ER Mitochondria inside each cell Is the respirating organelle Where energy from food is released Inner membrane is folded the surface increased Protein synthesis in ribosomes And digestion in the lysosomes In Golgi bodies what is synthesized Can be stored or secreted or else modified (Lyrics continued on next page.) Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 3 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

(Lyrics continued from previous page.) Plants and algae have chloroplasts with chlorophyll Changing energy from light into chemical Photosynthesis stores in the sugars produced Energy respiration releases for use Plants and algae and fungi have hardened cell walls And a hollow space called central vacuole is What stores water and waste products in older cells And that is enough about cell organelles When cells reproduce there are two ways In the sperm and egg there is a phase Pairs of chromosomes in half all divide Meiosis from both parents how genes are supplied When all other cells divide they first Copy chromosomes to each dispersed The nuclei move and separate So mitosis is when nuclei duplicate OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION Osmosis and diffusion are processes that balance concentrations. In diffusion, particles such as ions or molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. An example is a drop of food coloring in a glass of water. At first, there is an area of high concentration (the drop) and an area of low concentration (the rest of the water). Eventually, the food coloring spreads out, and the concentration is the same everywhere in the glass. Diffusion can happen across a membrane, and that is one way for things to move into or out of a cell. Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion that happens only when there is a membrane. Osmosis is the movement of water from a lower concentration to a higher concentration across a membrane that lets through water, but not the ion or molecule dissolved in the water. In both diffusion and osmosis, the end result is that concentrations are the same everywhere. Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 4 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Replaces pages 13-15 of Volume 1. THE CELL Consider the toy building block. Although simple, it is the basic unit from which complex structures can be made. The basic block determines what the creation looks like and what it can do. With specialized blocks or attachments, new structures can be created which can function in new ways. With the invention of microscopes, scientists were able to see that living things were all made of tiny units that looked like compartments. Therefore these units were called cells and were found to be the building blocks for all structures and functions of living things. What became known as the cell theory states these three things: 1. living things are all made up of cells. 2. cells are the basic unit of structures and functions of all living things. 3. all cells come from other living cells (not from dirt, or mud, or nonliving matter as in the theory of spontaneous generation.) CLASSIFICATION There are things about cells that are important to understand for the purpose of classifying (organizing or grouping) living things. First of all, the outer covering of cells includes a thin, flexible cell membrane. In plant, fungi, bacteria, and some protist cells, a stronger and more rigid cell wall is outside of the cell membrane. Within the cell, acting like the control center, is the nucleus (plural is nuclei). This round or oval structure has within it a thread-like mass; each thread is called a chromosome. All living cells have chromosomes in their nucleus except the single-celled organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea (discussed below) in which the chromosomes spread within the center of the cell. The classification of living things into the major groups is based upon the cells having or not having a nucleus, and having or not having a cell wall. Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 5 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Plant cell Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleus Chromosomes Chloroplast Animal cell Cell membrane Nucleus Chromosomes For more on the parts of cells, called organelles, the Internet has websites with diagrams and explanations of what each part does, as well as the sometimes very involved processes of movement of chemicals through cell membranes. Listen to the new song about the fundamentals of cell organelles, written to the old Irish melody Gary Owen. There is so much information about cells that this song barely summarizes, but if you learn this much, you ll know the basics of cell biology. In the mid 1700s, a Swedish botanist named Carolus Linnaeus, categorized all living things into either plants or animals based upon their morphology their physical similarities and differences. From the late 1960s, biologists who classify living organisms, called taxonomists, developed five kingdoms instead of just two. In addition to plants and animals, they made a special kingdom for fungi, which differed from animals by not being able to eat or move on their own, and from plants by not having chlorophyll to make their own food by photosynthesis. These three kingdoms classified the living things that were multicellular and seen without magnification, but not the microscopic organisms. Two additional groups took care of those: the Monerans, mainly bacteria, which were easy to distinguish as being single cells with no nucleus; and Protists, a group which basically included any and all single-celled organisms Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 6 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

which didn t fit easily into the other four kingdoms. More recently, molecular make-up mainly the genetic material called DNA as well as the fossil record, have given rise to new ways to approach classification. Domains One of the outcomes of new discoveries, and especially new ways of interpreting those discoveries, has been the development of a level larger than kingdoms, namely domains. Currently there are three domains: Bacteria; Archaea; and Eukarya. Monerans are no longer one of the kingdoms since bacteria are now their own domain. Cell wall Flagellum Three Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya no nucleus no nucleus nucleus cell wall cell wall some with cell wall Bacteria and Archaea include single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus. They are therefore called prokaryotes, which means before nucleus. Bacteria, which will be discussed later, now include organisms which had been thought of more as fungi or algae, but which live in colonies. One example is the subgroup actinomycetes, which were previously considered a kind of fungus. Organisms in this group cause the diseases tuberculosis and leprosy. Others in this subgroup are partly responsible for the earthy odor given off by rich, fertile soil, and still others for the characteristic smell of creeks and streams. Archaea includes newly found organisms which live in habitats thought to be too extreme for any living thing: very hot deep-sea volcanic vents and hot springs; very salty water, such as in the Dead Sea; and habitats with little or no oxygen, such as in the digestive systems of termites as well as cattle. Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 7 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Eukarya, the third domain, includes all organisms whose cells have a nucleus. There has been a lot of reclassifying in this domain, not as much with plants, animals, and fungi, but with what had been called protists. Four Eukarya Kingdoms Plants Fungi Animals nucleus nucleus nucleus cell wall cell wall no cell wall chlorophyll no chlorophyll no chlorophyll (makes its own food) (absorbs food) (ingests food) Protists nucleus not clearly a plant, fungi, or animal The system of classification of eukaryotes (those organisms having nuclei, in the domain Eukarya) usually involve these seven levels, beginning with the most general similarities in the cells: 1. - Kingdom: main groups 2. - Phylum: divisions of kingdom 3. - Class: divisions of phyla 4. - Order: divisions of classes 5. - Family: divisions of orders 6. - Genus: divisions of families 7. - Species: divisions of genera Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 8 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

However, in the never-ending challenge taxonomists have of finding similarities and differences, they have come up with in-between levels such as super-families (combining two or more families in the same order), and subfamilies (combining two or more genera in the same family). Species are further divided into subspecies, varieties, breeds, and sub-breeds. Think of dogs, or roses, and how many subgroups there are. Yet part of what defines a species is the ability to interbreed with others of the same species to make a new breed. Scientists have also developed a system for naming individual organisms. This nomenclature, as it is called, uses the genus and the species as the scientific name. Common names can vary from place to place and can be confusing, but scientific names are the same everywhere and in every language. Two ancient languages, Latin and Greek, are used for scientific nomenclature. (See Insect Orders chart on page 25 for examples of names and English translations.) The sometimes huge but completely harmless crane fly has the common names of Flying Daddy Longlegs, Giant Mosquito, and Mosquito Hawk. The scientific name of the family is Tipulidae; there are about 1,500 species. There is a species in the Pacific Northwest that is actually this large! Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 9 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Lyrical Life Science Bacteria to Birds Volume 1 Update Part 1 The following pages include worksheets and answer keys for the Cell Organelle material. Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 10 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Cell Organelles - Lyrics envelops the cell all around is where organelles will be found The thick fluid it s made of is called The organelles in cells are all mighty All membranes are selectively So there s movement of and of By to the higher concentrations By through membranes this balancing s done In the nucleus there s It controls with messenger And makes up Nucleoli do synthesize new And the provides and besides Motility is by Which are hair-like, or else from whip-like here are the facts: They are networks of with and with There are some having making them rough That s where and are made, sure enough But the smooth makes ; that s where the cell changes Storing ; poisons there These functions take place in smooth and rough inside each cell Is the organelle Where from food is released Inner membrane is the surface increased Protein synthesis in And digestion in the In what is synthesized Can be stored or secreted or else (Lyrics continued on next page.) Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 11 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

(Lyrics continued from previous page.) Plants and algae have with Changing energy from into stores in the sugars produced Energy releases for use Plants and algae and fungi have cell walls And a hollow space called central is What stores and products in older cells And that is enough about cell organelles When cells reproduce there are ways In the sperm and egg there is a Pairs of chromosomes in half all from both parents how genes are When all other cells divide they first Copy chromosomes to each The nuclei move and So is when nuclei Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 12 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Cell Organelles Objective True (T) or False (F) 1) All cells have both a cell wall and a membrane. 2) All cells in Eukaryotic organisms have nuclei. 3) The only known function of endoplasmic reticulum is the production of proteins. 4) The central vacuole stores oxygen for cell respiration. 5) Mitosis is when nuclei duplicate. Matching (put the letters from the definitions on the right next to the correct terms on the left) 1) Chlorophyll A. Thick fluid within the cell. 2) Chloroplasts B. The movement of ions and molecules to higher concentrations. 3) Cytoskeleton C. The green pigment in some plants and algae. 4) Cytosol D. The respirating organelle from which energy is released. 5) Diffusion E. The balancing of concentrations of liquids through membranes. 6) Lysosomes F. The main function is digestion. 7) Mitochondria G. The pigmented structures in plants and algae. 8) Osmosis H. Provides reinforcement and support for the cell. Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 13 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Fill in the Blanks 1) Ribosomes synthesize and are synthesized in the. 2) Rough endoplasmic reticulum make and. 3) Energy from light is changed to a usable form by the process of. 4) The three parts of all Eukaryotic cells are: ; ;. 5) has to do with the division of chromosomes. 6) The inner membrane of mitochondria are, which increases the surface area. 7) Motility (movement) of cells is often by either or. 8) Ions and molecules can move through membranes that are. 9) Endoplasmic reticulum membranes are networks of and. 10) Chromosomes are made up of. Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 14 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Cell Organelles Essay 1) Why is meiosis necessary in the reproduction of organisms? 2) Why is mitosis necessary in the reproduction of non-reproductive cells? Digging Deeper Question Why is knowledge and understanding of cell structures and functions important? Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 16 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Answer key to Lyrics Test: Cell Organelles Plasma membrane envelops the cell all around Cytoplasm is where organelles will be found The thick fluid it s made of is called cytosol The organelles in cells are all mighty small All membranes are selectively permeable So there s movement of ions and of molecules By diffusion to the higher concentrations By osmosis through membranes this balancing s done In the nucleus there s DNA It controls with messenger RNA And DNA makes up chromosomes Nucleoli do synthesize new ribosomes And the cytoskeleton provides Reinforcement and support besides Motility is by cilia Which are hair-like, or else from whip-like flagella Endoplasmic reticulum here are the facts: They are networks of membranes with tubes and with sacs There are some having ribosomes making them rough That s where proteins and membranes are made, sure enough But the smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes Lipids, that s where the cell changes carbohydrates Storing calcium; poisons detoxified there These functions take place in smooth and rough ER Mitochondria inside each cell Is the respirating organelle Where energy from food is released Inner membrane is folded the surface increased Protein synthesis in ribosomes And digestion in the lysosomes In Golgi bodies what is synthesized Can be stored or secreted or else modified Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 17 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Plants and algae have chloroplasts with chlorophyll Changing energy from light into chemical Photosynthesis stores in the sugars produced Energy respiration releases for use Plants and algae and fungi have hardened cell walls And a hollow space called central vacuole is What stores water and waste products in older cells And that is enough about cell organelles When cells reproduce there are two ways In the sperm and egg there is a phase Pairs of chromosomes in half all divide Meiosis from both parents how genes are supplied When all other cells divide they first Copy chromosomes to each dispersed The nuclei move and separate So mitosis is when nuclei duplicate Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 18 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Answer key to objective questions True or False Matching Fill in the Blanks 1) F 1) C 1) proteins; nucleoli 2) T 2) G 2) proteins; membranes 3) F 3) H 3) photosynthesis 4) F 4) A 4) membrane; cytoplasm; nucleus 5) T 5) B 5) Meiosis 6) F 6) folded 7) D 7) cilia; flagella 8) E 8) selectively permeable 9) tubes; sacs 10) DNA List - Smooth List - Golgi bodies: 1) makes lipids 1) synthesize 2) changes carbohydrates 2) store 3) stores calcium 3) secrete 4) detoxifies poison 4) modify Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 19 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning

Answer key to essay questions 1) Why is meiosis necessary in the reproduction of organisms? Meiosis is necessary for reproduction because organisms pass only one chromosome from each pair to their offspring. To make a sperm or egg cell, chromosome pairs need to be separated. 2) Why is mitosis necessary in the reproduction of non-reproductive cells? Mitosis is necessary for the division of non-reproductive cells because each of the two cells formed during the division needs a full set of chromosomes. Digging Deeper Why is knowledge and understanding of cell structures and functions important? All living things are made of cells, so understanding how a cell works is important in understanding how an organism works. Some cell structures are used to classify organisms, so knowing about an organism's cells will tell you something about what group it might belong to. Volume 1 Update Part 1 Page 20 Copyright 2010, Lyrical Learning