Name: Period: Plant Systems & Interactions PLANTS ARE LIVING ORGANISMS. PLANTS HAVE CERTAIN UNIQUE STRUCTURES THAT PERFORM SPECIFIC JOBS TO MAINTAIN LIFE AND GROWTH. THIS IS BOTANY A STUDY OF PLANTS. You will use the PowerPoint on my Webpage to access all the information needed. Or You will use the following book link to complete all the Sections. This packet consist of Fill-in-Notes, Drawing, Labs, Activities and etc. Book Link This packet is due: March 3rd Check when completed Section(s) Cover Page (Title, Name, Period, 4 color illustrations and typed) Vocabulary Section 22-1 Introduction to Plants Section 22-2 Bryophytes Section 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Section 22-4 Seed Plants Section 22-5 Angiosperms-Flowering Plants Section 23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Section 23-2 Roots Section 23-3 Stems Section 23-4 Leaves & Energy Section 23-5 Transport in plants Section 24-1 Reproduction with cones and flowers Section 24-2 Seed Development and Germination Chapter 25 Plant responses and adaptations Flower Dissection INSTRUCTIONS: A. Keep track of this paper and refer to it often. (The grading Rubric in on the back) B. As instructed by your teacher, complete each section. If you do not finish part of a section, then come to tutoring or finish it at home. C. Carefully follow all directions given in each section, each lab and station activity. D. Color all required drawing and pictures E. Design a front cover include a title, you full name, period, at least 4 color illustrations and it must be typed F. When you have completed the packet make sure all the papers are stapled in the correct order with the cover sheet attached to the front. 1
Name: Period: Rubric Read the instructions for each section carefully!! You will receive 8 daily grades (1 for each section), 1 lab grade (Flower Dissection), and then all of these grades will be averaged together to give you a PROJECT GRADE. All drawings/diagrams that should be colored and labeled are worth 5 points each. All other questions are worth 3 points each. The vocabulary is worth 2.5 points Section(s) Possible Points Cover Page: (Title, Name, Period, 4 color illustrations and typed) 100 Vocabulary (In current textbook) 100 Points Earned Section 22-1 Introduction to Plants Section 22-2 Bryophytes Section 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Section 22-4 Seed Plants 100 Section 22-5 Angiosperms-Flowering Plants 100 Section 23-1 Specialized Tissues in Plants Section 23-2 Roots Section 23-3 Stems 100 Section 23-4 Leaves & Energy 100 Section 23-5 Transport in plants Section 24-1 Reproduction with cones and flowers Section 24-2 Seed Development and Germination 100 Chapter 25 Plant responses and adaptations 100 Flower Dissection Lab 100 Project Grade 100 2
Word Definition Plant Vocabulary 1. Stomata 2. Vascular Tissue 3. Vascular Plant 4. Nonvascular Plant 5. Seed 6. Rhizome 7. Sporangium 8. Cotyledon 9. Cone 10. Annual 11. Biennial 12. Perennial 13. Meristem 14. Vascular Cambium 15. Cork Cambium 16. Epidermis 17. Guard Cell 18. Xylem 19. Phloem 20. Root Cap 3
21. Cortex 22. Endodermis 23. Palisade Mesophyll 24. Spongy Mesophyll 25. Transpiration 26. Auxin 27. Gibberellins 28. Ethylene 29. Cytokinin 30. Tropism 31. Sepals 32. Petals 33. Stamen 34. Pistil 35. Photoperiodism 36. Endosperm 37. Seed Coat 38. Germination 39. Radicle 40. Dormancy 4
Introduction to Plants 22-1 (p.551) 1. What is a plant? 2. What pigments do plants use to carry out photosynthesis? What Plants Need to Survive (p.552) 3. Explain each of the 4 things that plants need to survive and why? A. B. C. D. 4. Life Cycle of a Plant (Figure 22-2) (pg. 552) Draw, label and color. 5. Cladogram of Plant Kingdom (Figure 22-6) (pg.554) Draw, label and color. 7. The great majority of plants alive today are. 5
Bryophytes Chap. 22-2 (pg.556-557) 1. Mosses do not have true roots, instead they have, which are long, thin cells that Seedless Vascular Plants Chap. 22-3 (p.560) 2. What is vascular tissue? 3. Complete the table about vascular tissue. Type of Tissue Xylem Phloem Function (p.561) 4. Complete the table about plant structures. Structure Roots Leaves Stems Description (p.562) 5. What are rhizomes? Seed Plants Chap. 22-4 (pg. 564-565) Do all plants produce seeds? 6. What are 3 features that allow seed plants to reproduce without water? 7. Define cone. 8. What is a flower? 9. What is a pollen grain? 10. Describe pollination. 11. What does the seed coat do for the seed? 12. A seed is an that is encased in a and surrounded by a. 13. What is an embryo? 6
Angiosperms Flowering Plants Chap. 22-5 (pg.569) 1. Angiosperms are members of the phylum. 2. Angiosperms have unique reproductive organs known as. 3. In flowering plants, the seed is encased in a. 4. What is a fruit? 5. Get Card Sort From Ms. McKinney. Using Figure 22-25 on p.570 to arrange the characteristic of Monocot and Dicot in the card sort then draw, color and fill in the characteristics in each box in the table. Characteristics of Monocots & Dicots Monocots Dicots Seeds Leaves Flowers Stems Roots 7
Go to LAB TABLE 1: Observe the Leaves and draw and color an example of each. Type of leaf Drawing Monocot Dicot Simple Compound 6. Plant cells undergo photosynthesis. Which organelle does this process take place in? 7. a. Describe the different life spans of plants below (p.572): annuals biennals perennials b. Which type live the longest? 8
Flower Pollination - Go to LAB TABLE 2 and use the information there to answer the following questions. Pre-Activity Questions 1. Define Pollination: 2. Do flowers have only one pollinator? 3. What three organisms pollinate most of the plants?,, &. Activity Using the information in the chart on the laminated sheet provided with this activity, identify the most likely pollinator for each of the following examples. Examples Pollinator 1. The banana plant has a hanging flower that opens only at night and gives off a musty odor. 2. Willow trees have simple flowers with little fragrance that produce tiny, light weight pollen grains. 3. Skunk cabbage releases an odor like that of decayed meat. 4. A flower that is bright orange with little fragrance. 5. Plant that has small white flowers that open at night and produce a sweet scent. 6. Bright yellow flower with nectar located close to its surface. 7. Bright red flower with nectar located in long tubes. Analyzing Graphics use the picture below and diagram on pg. 614 to answer the following questions 8. Which structure shown in the figure to the right allows pollen to enter the ovary? 9. What is the most likely way that the pollen in the figure to the right will disperse? 10. Explain your answer. 9
Specialized Tissues in Plants Chap. 23-1 (p.579) 1. What are the 3 principle organs of seed plants?, & (p.580-581) 2. What are the 3 tissue systems of plants?, & Vascular Tissue 3. Vascular tissue in plants consists of &. 4. What is the function of xylem? 5. What is the function of phloem? 6. Microscope work Go to LAB TABLE 3. Note: Be sure to reference Zea may sheet at the table. The microscope is set up on medium power. Do not move the slide. Zea mays stem (cs) cross section 100x 1. Draw and color what you see on the slide. 2. Label: xylem phloem vascular bundle Zea May Stem 8. Color the plant tissue system to the left using Figure 23-1 p.580. (Dermal tissue (Red)----Vascular tissue(green)----- (Ground tissue (yellow) Roots - Chp. 23-2 (p.584) A seed plant is anchored in the ground by its. 9. Complete the table about types of roots. Type of Root Description Examples Taproots Fibrous roots Bulb roots 10
10. Water enters the plant through the large surface area provided by the. 11. Using the information above about fibrous roots and taproots, answer the following: What type of root would be the best adaptation for the following environments? This plant is located an area that experiences limited rainfall. It must be able to reach the water table, found deep underground. Plants need their root systems to grow where mineral and nutrients are. In the tropics, the nutrients are found on the surface where animals urinate and defecate and also from dead and decaying animals and plant parts found on the forest floor. This type of plant is resistant to strong winds. Its roots are anchored like a fence post. This plant has a root adaptation that prevents it from being lifted up out of the ground. It is generally found where there are grazing animals. Root Functions (p.586) 12. Why are roots important to plants? 13. Reading a Table. Using Figure 23-8... a. If you notice that a plant is becoming paler and more yellow, what nutrient might need to be added? b. If a plant has curled leaves, what nutrient is the plant lacking? - Go to LAB TABLE 4 answer the questions while observing the roots. a. Which plant has a tap root? b. Which plant has a fibrous root? c. Which plant has a bulb root? d. What is the advantage of a fibrous root? e. What is the advantage of a tap root? f. What are the 2 main functions of roots? 11
Stems - Chap. 23-3 (p.589) 16. List the 3 functions of stems. Monocot & Dicot Stems (p.590) 17. Explain the differences between monocotyledons (monocots) and dicotyledons (dicots). (p.592) 18. Most of what we call wood is actually layers of. 19. What do thin tree rings represent? 20. What do thick tree rings represent? - Go to LAB TABLE 5 answers the questions while observing the plant a. Describe the difference between a woody and an herbaceous stem. b. How can you determine the age of the tree? c. Why are the rings uneven? 12
Leaves & Energy - Chap. 23-4 Leaf Structure (p.595) 1. The structure of the leaf is optimized for. Go to LAB TABLE 6 Microviewer Work Obtain an information card and a micro-viewer from the front Introduction 2. Leaves perform at least 5 general functions in the life of a plant. What are they? 3. What is a blade? Slide 2 Slide 4 4. Draw, color and label what you see in the slide. Write the appropriate name and microscope magnification underneath. 5. Which 2 layers contain chloroplasts? & 6. What process does the green coloring of the chloroplasts enable them to do? 7. Draw, color and label what you see in the slide. Write the appropriate name and microscope magnification underneath. 8. What type of membrane does a chloroplast have? 9. What do chloroplasts capture? Leaf Functions (p596) 10. What is a stoma? Slide 5 Epidermis Surface View 11. How many stomata can you locate on this slide?. 12. Epidermal cells have a waxy waterproof material called. Slide 6 Stoma Surface View 13. What do open stomata allow? 14. What do closed stomata cut off? 15. What do guard cells do? 13
Put the microviewer and information card back on the table at the front of the room. 16. FIGURE 23-19 on p.597 Slide 27 LABEL WHICH ONE IS THE STOMA OPEN AND STOMA CLOSED Plant A Plant B 17. Label the guard cells and the stoma in the diagrams above. 18. Which plant stomata above is most likely functioning under dry conditions. 19. Which of the plants above loses the most water due to transpiration? 20. Which of the plants above would be most actively performing photosynthesis? 21. If the stoma is open, water pressure in the guard cells is [high or low]? 22. If the stoma and guard cells did not work, what would happen to the leaf of the plant? Leaf Anatomy (NEXT PAGE) Background Information: The leaf is the primary photosynthetic organ of the plant. It consists of a flattened portion, called the blade that is attached to the plant by a structure called the petiole. The outer surface of the leaf has a thin waxy covering called the CUTICLE (A). This layer's primary function is to prevent water loss within the leaf. Plants that live entirely within water do not have a cuticle. Directly underneath the cuticle is a layer of cells called the EPIDERMIS (B). A leaf has two types of epidermis: upper and lower. It protects the internal tissues of the leaf. The vascular tissue, xylem and phloem are found within the veins of the leaf. Veins are actually extensions that run from to tips of the roots all the way up to the edges of the leaves. In the picture, XYLEM (C) is the upper layer of cells inside the vein and the lower layer of cells is PHLOEM (D). Recall that xylem transports water and phloem transports sugar. Within the leaf, there is a layer of cells called the MESOPHYLL (E). The word mesophyll is Greek and means "middle" (meso) "leaf" (phyllon). There are air spaces between these cells to allow for gas exchange. The cells here are packed with chloroplasts, and this is where photosynthesis actually occurs. The leaf has holes within the epidermis called STOMATA (F). Specialized cells, called GUARD CELLS (G) surround the stomata and are shaped like two cupped hands. Changes within water pressure cause the stomates to open or close. If the guard cells are full of water, they swell up and bend away from each other which opens the stoma. During dry times, the guard cells close. 14
Activity: 1. In the table, correctly identify the function of each part using the information on the previous page Color the structures CAPITALIZED above. Make sure to color every part of the structures seen in the picture not just the part that touches the line. Letter Structure Color Function Cuticle (upper/lower) Epidermis (upper/lower) yellow orange Vein Xylem Phloem Mesophyll Stomata Guard Cells blue red green pink brown B C A E G D F B 15
Transport in Plants - Chap. 23-5 Water Transport (p.599) 1. What 3 things provide enough force to move water through the xylem tissue of even the tallest plant? 2. What is it called when water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other substances? 3. What is capillary action? 4. What happens when a plant wilts? (p.601) - Go to LAB TABLE 7 answers the questions while observing the plants. a. Describe the changes you see in the celery and white flowers. b. In what types of tissue does water move upward in a plant stem? c. In what type of tissue is sugar and other organic compounds transported from the leaves and stems to the roots of plants? d. What 3 combined things allows water to move through a plant? e. How are leaves involved in transpiration? 16
Reproduction with Cones and Flowers - Chap. 24-1 Life Cycle of Gymnosperms (p.610) 5. What are pollen cones? 6. What are seed cones? Microscope Work Go to LAB TABLE 8 Do not move the slide. You will be looking at pollen. Write the appropriate name and microscope magnification underneath your drawing. 7. Draw and color what you see from the slide. 8. Comparing what you have drawn with Figure 24-3 on p.612, do all pollen grains look the same? Structure of Flowers (p.612, Figure 24-5) 1. Label the flower parts. 2. Color the female parts pink. 3. Color the male parts blue. 4. Color the sterile parts green and yellow. 5. Explain how selffertilization/selfpollination happens? Seed Development & Dispersal Chap. 24-2 Seed Development & dispersal Chap 24-2 Seed and Fruit Development (p.618) 6. What is a fruit, biologically speaking? 7. Name some vegetables that are actually fruit. Seed Dispersal (p.619) 8. What are the 3 ways seeds are dispersed?,, & 9. Seeds that are lightweight are typically dispersed by the. 17
Analyzing Data. Answer questions 17 & 18 by examining the graph at the top of the page: (p. 620) 10. What effect does chilling have on germination of seeds from Ontario? 11. How does chilling affect the seeds from Louisiana? 12. What is dormancy? 13. What 2 environmental factors can cause a seed to end dormancy and germinate? & Seed Dispersal Activity (go to LAB TABLE 9) Pre-Activity Questions 1. Define seed: 2. Define seed dispersal: Activity: Use the pictures provided with this activity. You will describe the most likely method of seed dispersal for each scenario. The dispersal of seeds ensures that offspring will be dispersed and reduce the competition for resources Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Description of Seed Dispersal 3. Why is seed dispersal important to plants? Plant Responses & Adaptations Chap. 25 Plant Hormones (p.634) 1. What is a hormone? 2. What is a plant hormone? 3. What do auxins simulate? (p.635) 4. What are cytokinins?(p.636) 18
5. What are gibberellins used for? (p.637) 6. What is ethylene? (p.638) 7. What is ethylene a minor component of? 8. How was this discovered? Plant Responses (p.639) 9. What are tropisms and what is the purpose of tropisms? 10. Complete the table about tropisms. LAB TABLE 10 Tropisms Gravitropism (Geotropism) Phototropism Thigmotropism Hydrotropism Definition Growing towards: Example: Growing towards: Example: Growing towards: Example: Growing towards: Example: (p.641) 11. What is photoperiodism in plants responsible for? 12. What changes occur in plants as cold weather approaches? 19
(p.643-644) 13. Complete the table comparing aquatic, salt-tolerant & desert plants. Plant Adaptations Description Aquatic Plants Salt-Tolerant Plants Desert Plants (p.645) 14. What 2 types of plants have specialized features for obtaining nutrients? 15. What is an epiphyte? 16. Are epiphytes parasites? What type of symbiosis do epiphytes depict? Plant Adaptations Lab Go to LAB TABLE 11 and follow the procedures. 1. Explain the plant adaptation and record the number on the card that you matched to each biome in the table below. 2. Explain briefly your justification (reasoning) Table Biome - Environment Plant Adaptation Desert Tropical Rainforest Tundra Aquatic Ecosystem 20
STAAR CONCLUSION QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following is the least likely part of the transport system of a plant? A roots B stems C leaves D flowers 2. Chloroplasts are organelles that are found in plant cells. Some plant tissue contains cells with large numbers of chloroplasts, while other tissue contains few chloroplasts. Which type of plant tissue contains cells with many chloroplasts? A stem, because chloroplasts are needed for plant growth B root, because chloroplasts are needed for water uptake C leaf, because chloroplasts are needed for photosynthesis D flower, because chloroplasts are needed for reproduction 3. The diagram shows the structure of a root with root hairs. The root hairs allow roots to absorb water efficiently by increasing which of these? A the mass of roots B the density of roots C the strength of roots D the surface area of roots 4. What is the main function of a plant stem? A to collect pollen from other plants to make seeds B to absorb water and plant nutrients from the soil C to carry food and water to the rest of the plant D to make food for the plant 5. The diagram shown represents some epidermal cells from the lower surface of a leaf. The arrow shows the direction of the movement of water vapor molecules. Which process is indicated by the arrow? A osmosis B transpiration C active transport D anaerobic respiration 21
6. Beavers can completely chew around a tree. Eventually the tree will die because this A prevents the absorption of water B cuts off the supply of food to the roots C blocks the process of photosynthesis D allows oxygen to reach the inner cells of the stem 7. Which of these structures is responsible for transporting water from plant roots to the rest of the plant? A chloroplast B phloem C stoma D xylem 8. How do the spines of a cactus help it survive? A spines help the cactus get moisture B spines anchor the cactus in the ground C spines protects the cactus from animals D spines support the stems and branches of the cactus 22
Flower Dissection Lab Purpose: This lab will help familiarize you with the reproductive parts of flowers. Use a magnifying lens to examine your intact flower. Sketch and label the parts of your flower. Then answer questions 1 and 2. An example is provided for you. Example Sketch 1. Is your flower a monocot or dicot? How do you know? 2. Explain how self-fertilization would occur using the plant parts in the diagram above and what is the difference between self-fertilization and cross-pollination? Count and record how many of each your flower has. 3. Sepals (Thick outer parts that protect the flower when it is closed) 4. Petals (Colored parts that attract pollinators) 5. Stamen (Anther with pollen and filament) 6. Pistil (Female part with swollen ovary at the bottom and a sticky part called a stigma at the top.) Cut the flower in half and look at the ovary. 7. Now estimate the number of eggs (Small specks found inside the ovary) 23
8. Draw a cross-section of your flower and label. Label the following: Sepal Petal Stamen Anther Pistil Stigma Draw each of the following in the space provided. 9. Sepal 10. Petal 11. Stamen 12. Pistil 14. Pollen grains are the male sex cells of the flower. Eggs are the female sex cells. When the pollen is brought to the female part of the flower it is called pollination. Why do you think that the pistil is sticky at the top? 15. Which pollinator below do you think brings pollen to your flower? Insect Wind Bird Animals Water 16. Explain how bees and flowers have a mutualistic relationship. 17. Why do you think flowers are brightly colored? 18. The male sex cells in the pollen are called sperm. When the sperm and eggs combine, sexual reproduction occurs and the egg is fertilized. The fertilized egg becomes a seed. Where would you predict you would find seeds in a fertilized flower? 24
17. Do all flowers look the same? Explain why or why not. 19. In plants, gymnosperms have cones and angiosperms have flowers. Both of these plant structures are specialized for A photosynthesis B water absorption C cellular respiration D sexual reproduction 20. Look at the diagram to the right. Circle the animals that would be best adapted to pollinate it. Humming bird Moths Snakes Bat 21. In which part of the flower does fertilization take place? A Sepal B Petal C Pistil D Stamen 22. Which reproductive strategy is represented by the flower pictured right? A Budding B Fragmentation C Conjugation D Pollination 23. What is the primary role of the stamen and pistil? A They produce the reproductive cells. B They transport substances. C They secrete hormones. D They absorb nutrients. 24. In a changing environment, it is an advantage to a plant species to reproduce sexually. In sexual reproduction, a new individual is producing by combining gametes from two parents. All living things that reproduce sexually inherit traits from both parents. What is one benefit of sexual reproduction? A The plants are able to divide into smaller plants. B The plants are able to produce clones. C The plants are able to produce genetically diverse offspring. D The plants are able to be pioneer species 25
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