INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 5, No 4, 2015 Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0 Research article ISSN 0976 4380 Evaluation of Morphometric parameters of drainage networks derived from Topographic Map and Digital Elevation Model using Remote Sensing and GIS Department f Environmental Science, the University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, srimantagupta@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT This study aims to define the drainage morphometry and the comparison the drainage parameter in between topographic map and SRTM DEM of Usri River, Jharkhand and by using satellite image to evaluate the drainage condition of this river with the help of Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing. Drainage networks for the basin were derived from topographical map (1:1, 00,000) and 10m resolution Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data used for preparing elevation, slope and aspect maps. The study reveals that SRTM DEM and GIS-based approach in evaluation of drainage morphometric parameters and their influence on drainage characteristics. Morphometric parameters were applied to the two types of drainage networks one is derived from topographic map which represent upto 4 th order streams and the second is derived from SRTM DEM which represents the upto 5 th order streams. Low Drainage Density (Dd) value is 1.8 and 3.54 km.km -2 for the two drainage networks topographic map and DEM respectively) provide Usri basin high permeability and very little water is available for surface runoff. A topographic map shows the Stream Frequency (Fs) value is 3.47 and the DEM shows 9.19. Having relatively high value of DEM is related to impermeable sub-surface material, low infiltration capacity. Bifurcation ratio (Rb) in toposheet map is 1.3 and DEM is 2.59. In this case DEM shows higher value that the Usri river basin is situated on low erodible metamorphic rock. 47 sub basins present periphery of the main basin which will help in further watershed management study. Keywords: Morphometric parameters; Drainage network; Digital Elevation Model (DEM); Usri river basin; Shuttle Radar topographic mission (SRTM) 1. Introduction Heavy rainfall, land use change including deforestation in the basin areas and various engineering applications on river channels all contribute to the magnitude and frequency of flood events. Tributaries and their basins play an important role in the occurrence of downstream flooding of a river. Each sub-basin has a distinct influence on the main channel due to varying drainage morphometrics. Morphometric analysis is a quantitative describing and analysis of landform as practiced in geomorphology. Morphometry is essential, quantitative variable, whose values may be recovered from topographic map. Evaluation of morphometric parameters necessitates the analysis of drainage parameters, such as ordering of the various streams, measurement of basin area and perimeter, length of drainage channels, drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), bifurcation ratio (Rb), texture ratio (T), basin ratio (Bh), Ruggedness number (Rn) and time of concentration (Tc), drainage texture (T), Form factor (Rf), Elongation ratio (Re), Circularity index (Rc), Constant of channel maintenance (C), basin relief (R), relief ratio (Rn) plays an important role in these aspects. Submitted on January 2015 published on May 2015 655
Over the past two decades, this information has been increasingly derived from digital representation of topography, generally called the Digital Elevation Models (DEM) (Moore et al. 1991; Martz and Garbrechet 1992). The automated derivation of topographic watershed data from DEM is faster, less subjective and provides more reproducible measurements than traditional manual techniques applied to topographic maps (Tribe 1992). The use of DEM through geographical information system (GIS) is a powerful approach in this matter, since automatic methods to analyse topographic features are allowed with both operational and quality advantages, while using SRTM (Shuttle Rader Topographic Mission) data with GIS. A (geographical Information System) technique is a speed, precision, fast and inexpensive way for calculating morphometric analysis (Sarangi et al. 2003; Obi Reddy et al. 2004; Sreedevi et al. 2005, 2009). The objectives of the study are to extract drainage network from two sources i.e., topographic map and contour based DEM; to analyze morphometrically Usri river drainage basin and to study its significance; to examine the differences in morphometric parameters between drainage networks extracted from two sources and to demarcate watershed areas of Usri Basin. 2. Study area Geologically, the Usri basin has a large range of formations from the archaeans to the recent one. It is composed of crystalline and metamorphosed rocks (Figure 1). In the lower part of the basin Gondwana formations are observed. The temperature begins to rise from March and reaches its peak in April-May. May is the hottest with a mean temperature of 32.75 c by the end of April. 3. Methodology Morphometric parameters of drainage networks such as the bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, texture ratio, basin relief, ruggedness number and time of concentration were evaluate with established mathematical equations. These evaluate parameters were applied to two types of drainage networks. Topographic maps scaled at 1:100000 were registered using UTM projection plane and also an SRTM data. The SRTM, DEM was used for delineating slope, relief and aspects maps in the basin. The evaluated morphometric parameters were grouped as linear, relief, and areal parameters. Based on the drainage order, both drainage networks were classified into different orders using the Horton s method. Quantitative description of drainage network, basin characteristics, and analysis has been carried out for the Usri River Basin. Various parameters like the number and lengths of streams of different order, drainage area, basin perimeter and maximum basin lengths were calculated after cleaning and then topology building of the drainage layer in GIS software (Figure 2). From these parameters various drainage characteristics are calculated such as bifurcation ratio (Rb), drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs) circulatory ratio (Rc), elongation ratios (Re) for basin evolution studies. Computation of the linear parameters, such as stream order, stream number of various orders, bifurcation ratio, stream length of various stream orders and length ratio were carried out (Table 1). Area of a basin (A) and perimeter (P) are the important parameters in quantitative morphology. The aerial aspects of the drainage basin such as drainage density (D), drainage texture (T), stream frequency (Fs), elongation ratio (Re), circularity ratio (Rc), form factor (Ff), constant of channel maintenance (C) and texture ratio (Rt). 656
Figure 1: Image showing the location map of the study area\ Figure 2: Methodology adopted 657
Seria l no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Paramete rs Stream order(u) Stream length(l u) Bifurcati on Ratio(Rb ) Drainage density( Dd) Drainage texture(t ) Stream frequenc y(fs) Elongati on ratio(re) Circulari ty ratio(rc) Form factor(ff ) Constant of channel maintena nce(c) Texture ratio(rt) Basin Relief Ruggedn ess number( Table1: Table showing methodology parameters Formulae Hierarchi cal rank Length of the stream Rb= Nu/Nu+1 Dd=Lu/A T=Dd*Fs Fs=aNu/A Re=1.128 ÖA/L Rc=4PA/ P 2 Ff= A/L 2 C=km 2 /k m T=N1/(1/ P) Bh=hmaxhmin Rn=Bh* Dd Description The smallest permanent streams are called,' first order. Two first order streams join to form a larger, second order Streams ; two second order streams join to form a third order, and so on. Smaller streams entering a higher ordered stream do not change its order number. The average length of the streams of each of the different order in a drainage basin tends closely to approximate a direct geometric ratio The ratio of number of streams of a given order(nu) to the number of the higher order (Nu+1) is termed as Rb The length of the stream channel per unit area of drainage basin The product of Dd and Fs The ratio between total number of streams and area of the basin The ratio between the diameter of a circle with the same area as that of the basin(a) and the maximum length(l) of the basin The ratio of basin area (Au) to the area of circle (Ac) having the same perimeter as the basin. The ratio of the basin area to the square of the basin length. The inverse of drainage density. The ratio between first order streams and perimeter of the basin The maximum vertical distance between the lowest and highest points of the basin The product of the basin relief and its drainage density Refere nces Strahla r (1964) Horton 1945) Strahle r (1964) Horton (1945) Smith( 1950) Horton (1945) Schum n(1956 ) Strahle r (1964) Horton (1945) Schum n(1956 ) Ozdem ir and Bird (2009) Ozdem ir and Bird (2009) Ozdem ir and Bird 658
Rn) (2009) 14 Time of concentr ation(tc) Tc=0.007 8(L 0.77 *B h 0.385 ) The ratio between length of main stream and basin relief Kirpich (1940) The precision of the DEM affects the accuracy of the extracted drainage networks. DEM used in this application provided good results for the area of the basin. Fill depression was calculating for each pixel using the filled DEM i.e. the direction in which water will flow out of the pixels to one of the eight surrounding pixels. This concept is called the eight-direction (D8) pour point model (Fairfield and Leymarie 1991). Drainage watershed conditioning produces the following four data sets that are required for all subsequent drainage analysis programs. Digital elevation data set with depression s filled, data set indicating the flow direction for each pixel. Flow accumulation data set in which each pixel receives a value equal to the total number of cells that drain to it. Flow accumulation was calculated from the flow direction grid. Each pixel was assigned a value equal to the number of pixels drained through a given pixel in the flow accumulation. Flow Delta value was calculated the amount of increase in flow accumulation value in the flow direction (Figure 3). Figure 3: Extracting the drainage network from Digital Elevation Model 4. Results and discussion The total drainage area of Usri River is 63.90 sq km. The evaluation of the morphometric parameters of the drainage networks derived from topographic maps and the DEM. The basin was evaluated according to their influence on the main channel at points of flooding. The same data such as perimeter (P), area (A), length of the basin along the main channel (L) and minimum (Hmin) and maximum (Hmax) elevations of the basin was applied to both sources of drainage networks. The total number and total length of each order changes according to the size of the basin. It shows structural complexity, high relief and impermeable bedrock in the basin, whereas the total number and length of stream orders of the drainage network 659
derived from DEM are higher than that derived from topographic maps. Stream order analysis shows that the main basin is ranked 4th in order in the drainage network derived from topographic maps where it is 5th in order in drainage network when derived from the DEM (Figure 4 and 5). Figure 4: Extracting drainage networks from topographical map of Usri Basin Figure 5: Extracting drainage networks from Digital Elevation Model of Usri Basin Bifurcation ratios (Rb) Usually high (>10) are characteristic of drainage system develop over easily erodible rock and in areas underlain by heavily jointed rocks. The mean bifurcation ratios of drainage networks for each topographic and DEM basin map is 1.3 and 2.59 respectively. This result suggests that the bifurcation ratio of DEM is more precise than the topographic map. It shows that the Usri river basin is situated on low erodible metamorphic rock but it is very significant that the underlain fractures in the metamorphic rock influence the drainage condition of Usri river basin. In the Usri river basin, the Drainage density (Dd) value is 1.8 and 3.54 (<10KmKm -2 ) for each topographic and DEM drainage networks respectively. The topological map represents low Dd but DEM gives more precise result which reveals that physical properties of this Usri basin provide high permeability and very little water is available for surface runoff, potential though the area is underlain by resistant and hard rocks such as granite gneiss which helps to percolate to some of water through its fractures. Stream frequency (Fs) analysis of the drainage network derived from the topographic maps shows 3.47 and the drainage network derived from the DEM shows 9.19. DEM shows the higher Fs value than the topographic map (Table 2). Generally, relatively high stream frequency is related to impermeable sub-surface material, sparse vegetation, high relief conditions and low infiltration capacity (Reddy et al. 2004; Shaban et al. 2005). Texture ratio (T) analysis indicates infiltration capacity. High texture ratio means lower infiltration capacity. The drainage network derived from the topographic maps indicates that texture ratio is 4.55 and the texture ratio for the drainage network derived from the DEM is 6.73. DEM shows the higher value than the topographic map that means it have lower infiltration capacity. The ruggedness number (Rn) of the drainage network derived from the topographic maps shows the value 54.6. In comparison, the drainage network derived from the DEM has the higher value 106.2. Basins with high Rn values are highly susceptible to erosion and therefore susceptible to an increased peak discharge. 660
It also indicates the structural complexity of the terrain. Constant of channel maintenance (C) of topographical map its value is 0.55 and in DEM 0.29.In the basin DEM has low C values. It indicates that these basins are under the influence of high structural disturbance, low permeability; steep to very steep slopes. All the morphometric parameters were correlated for each drainage network in order to determine their overall effect to flooding on the main channel. The analysis of the morphometric parameters within the drainage network derived from the DEM shows the greatest influence on the main channel. From all we can say that the drainage network derived from DEM is more precise and accurate than the drainage network derived from topographical maps. The quantitative analysis of morphometric parameters is found to be of immense utility in river basin evaluation, soil and water conservation and natural resources management. Watershed is defined as the diving line of two or more water catchment areas. Water catchment areas may be defined as a specific land area that drains water into a river system or other body of water. Probable watershed area which shows the watershed zones of Usri river basin. Periphery of the main river basin there are several (47) sub basin which will help in further water management planning of Usri river (Figure 6). 5. Conclusions Figure 6: Image showing the watershed area of Usri basin To understand the influence of the sub-basins to flooding on the main channel, morphometric parameters of drainage networks must be considered along with their hydrological characteristics. This study reveals that a comparison of the morphometric parameters within drainage networks derived from both topographic maps and DEMs should be considered in order to determine their differences. The study reveals that SRTM DEM and GIS-based approach in evaluation of drainage morphometric parameters and their influence on hydrological characteristics at watershed level is more appropriate than the conventional methods. The morphometric analysis of a watershed is found to be of an important study in river basin evaluation and watershed prioritization for water conservation and management. 661
Table 2: Showing the results of areal, linear and relief parameters for each top sheet and Digital Elevation Model category. Table 3: Showing the results of areal, linear for each top sheet and category. digital elevation model Table 4: Showing the results of relief parameters for each top sheet and digital elevation model category. The RS data provide recent and accurate information of various landforms and update the existing data. The morphometric parameters evaluated using GIS help to understand various hydro geological characteristics of the basin. So, overall condition is that Usri river basin is situated on low flood prone zone and is covered by hard granite gneiss rock types with sparse vegetations. Further extension of this work should be done for following purposes: Flood management study (Prediction of magnitude and frequency of flood events), watershed management study. 662
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