CR 0 AT IC A CHEMIC A ACT A 43 (1971) CCA641 65 541.11 :547.96 Original Scientific Paper The Partial Specific Volume of PLactoglobulin A in Aqueous Urea Solutions S. Lapanje, J. Skerjanc, and V. Dolecek Department of Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Yugoslavia Received October 31, 1970 The partial specific volume of ~lactoglobulin A in 0.02 M NaCl 0.01 M HCl containing different amounts of urea has been determined from density measurements. The partial specific volume first increases with urea concentration, reaches a maximum, decreases, reaches a minimum, and then increases again. In the interpretation of this behavior, the binding of urea to the protein and the imperfect atomic packing in native protein molecules have been assumed to be the dominant factors. From dilatometric experiments the differences between the partial molar volume of the protein in 0.02 M NaCl0.01 M HCl with and without urea have been obtained. The values of the differences agree satisfactorily with those calculated from the partial specific volume. Furthermore, the volumes as well as their changes reflect the interaction of urea with the protein. Dilatometric experiments were also performed with the protein in 0.02 M NaCl to which urea was added. Comparison of the obtained results with those in 0.02 M NaCl0.01 M HCl displays the fact that the partial specific volume is phdependent. INTRODUCTION 1 In a previous paper the partial specific volume of chymotrypsinogen A jn aqueous urea solutions has been determined. It has been shown that its values as well as the differences of the partial specific volumes in water and urea solutions, respectively, depend on urea concentration. This reflects conformational changes brought about by the interaction of urea with the protein and the imperfect atomic packing in the native protein. This paper reports 0n a similar study of the partial specific volume of ~ l actoglobulin A. The purpose of the study has been to find out if a behavior similar to that of chymotrypsinogen would be observed with ~lactoglobulin, another globular protein. Previous studies of this protein 2 have shown that with increasing urea concentration the native form is transformed within a relatively narrow concentration range into the denaturated form. As in the case of chymotrypsinogen, this transition should be reflected in the values of the partial specific volume. Moreover, since the interaction of proteins with urea is not limited to the concentration range where denaturation occurs, a complete picture can only be obtained by determining the values of the partial specific volume of the protein from zero urea concentration to urea concentrations near saturation. As previously\ the partial specific volumes were determined from densities whereas the relative partial specific volumes were measured directly using ±he dilatometric method.
66 S. LAPANJE, J. SKERJANC, AND V. DOLECEK EXPERIMENTAL Protein and Reagents ~Lactoglobulin A was obtained from Research Products Div.Miles Laboratories, Inc. It was used without further purification. The urea used in this study was a RiedeldeHaen product. Before use, it was recrystallized twice from 80 /o w/v ethanol at 500 C, air dried, heated at 40 C for 24 hrs, and finally dried to constant weight over phosphorous pentoxide. Other reagents were the best available commercial products. Preparation of Solutions Solutions for density measurements were prepared by weighing the solvent, an aqueous solution being 0.02 M in NaCl and 0.01 M in HCl, into tightly closing plastic weighing bottles, and then an appropriate amount of urea was added and dissolved. Afterwards, a weighed amount of the protein was added. It was equilibrated previously with an atmosphere of 60 /o relative humidity at 25 C which were the relative humidity and temperature of the room where all the weighings and density measurements were performed. The water content of the protein was accounted for. It was determined by drying the protein over phosphorous pentoxide in vacuum at 78 C over 48 hrs 3 Reference solutions did not contain t he protein. Solutions for dilatometric measurements were prepared on the molar scale. The solvent in most experiments was 0.02 M NaCl 0.01 M HCl. However, a few experiments were also performed with 0.02 M NaCl as solvent. The temperature was 250 C. Density and Volume Measurements Density measurements were performed with the prototype of the digital precision densitometer DMA02, now manufactured by Anton Paar K. G., Graz, Austria, according to the design of Kratky et al. 4 The details have been given in the previous paper1 Volume changes accompanying the interaction of urea w ith the p r otein were measured in LinderstrnmLang dilatometers. Into one arm of each dilatometer 0.980 ml. of 0.02 M NaCl0.01 M HCl (or 0.02 M NaCl) or 0.980 ml. of a 6.60/o solution of ~lactoglobulin A in that solvent were pipetted, and into the other arm 4.00 ml. of urea solution was added. Four dilatometers were used in each run: Two contained identical protein solutions, two refer ence solutions. After thermal equilibration, readings w ere recorded at minute intervals until practically constant values were obtained which took 15 to 30 min. All other details have been described previously1 RESULTS As has been mentioned above, the solvent used in most experiments was a 0.02 M 7 facl0.01 M HCl solution to which urea was added. The ph of protein solutions after mixing was measured and found to be between 2.5 and 3.2 depending on the urea concentration. At these ph's the protei n exists as a monomer 2 and changes of ph within this range do not result in conformational changes. In 0.02 M NaCl, where the ph is around 6.0, the protein may be partially associated which makes the interpretation of the observed results more difficult. Density Measurements The densities of solutions of ~lactoglobulin in 0.02 M NaCl0.01 M HCl urea are given in Table I. From the densities the apparent specific volume of the solute, <I>v, can be obtained by use of the relation <f>v = _1 W2 (! Q 1W2 ) (1) Qo where w 2 is the weight fraction of solute, Q the density of solution, and g0 the density of solvent. If the specific volume of the solute is concentration
PARTIAL SPECIFIC VOLUME OF BLACTOGLOBULIN 67 independent, the apparent specific volume equals the partial specific volume, v 2 Within the concentration range studied, i.e., up to 40/o protein concentration, such behavior has been observed, cf. Table I. Each series of experiments included five protein aind one reference solution. The error involved in these determinations has been estimated at ± 0.003 ml/g 1 and therefore concentration dependence cannot be completely ruled out. The molecular weight of Blactoglobulin A was taken to be 17.800. TABLE I Densities, Partial Specific, and Partial Molal Volumes of BLactoglobuiin A (M. W. = 17,800) in 0.02 M NaCl0.01 M HClVrea Solutions at 25 C Solvent Q [g./ml.] v 2 [ml./g.] 0.02 M NaCl 0.000 0.998120 0.01 M HCl 3.619 0.999022 0.752 7.212 0.999924 0.751 10.778 1.000814 0.752 17.831 1.002580 0.752 35.040 1.006920 0.752 Mean 0.752 (13,386 ml./mole) 2.20 m urea 3.198 Mean 0.753 (2.00 M at w 2 = O) to (13,403 ml./mole) 0.02 M NaCl 31.081 O.ol M HCl 4.89 m urea 2.801 Mean 0.752 (4.00 M at w 2 = 0) to (13,386 ml./mole) 0.02 M NaCl 27.317 0.01 M HCl 8.22 m urea 2.427 Mean 0.745 (5.99 M at w 2 = 0) to (13,261 ml./mole) 0.02 M NaCl 23.745 O.ol M HCl 12.63 m urea 2.062 Mean 0.744 (8.03 M at w 2 = 0) to (13,243 ml./mole) 0.02 M NaCl 20.244 0.01 M HCl 16.56 m urea 1.819 Mean 0.745 (9.44 M at w 2 = 0) to (13,261 ml./mole) 0.02 M NaCl 17.895 O.ol M HCl
68 S. LAPANJE, J. SKERJANC, AND V. DOLECEK Dilatometric Measurements The volume changes observed upon mixing 0.980 ml of 0.02 M NaCl0.01 M HCl (0.02 M NaCl) or 6.6 /o Blactoglobuhn in this solvent with 4.00 ml of appropriate urea solution are summarized in Table IL The procedure used in the analysis of data is the same as described previously 1 The terms /1 V1 and /1 V 2 in Table II represent the volume changes produced upon mixing 0.980 ml of 0.02 M NaCl 0.01 M HCl (0.02 M NaCl) or 6.60/o protein in that solvent with 4.00 ml of urea in the same solvent which results in urea solutions of definite concentration. The term (V 2 u V 2 ) is the difference between the partial molar volume in a given urea solution and the same quantity in 0.02 M _ NaCl0.01 M HCl (0.02 M NaCl). As previously\ the values of (V 211 V 2 ) have been obtained from the following relation (2) where the term /1 V (v _ </Jl represents the volume change when (v <I>) ml of solvent were added to 4.00 ml of urea solution, and n 2 the number of moles of protein. The quantity (v <I>) is the difference between the. volume of protein solution, 0.980 ml, and the protein's displacement volume, <I>, which is equal to the product of the protein weight, g 2, and its partial specific volume, ;2 The value we have used for ;2 is 0.752, cf. Table I. The thermody namic analysis leading to Eq. (2) in a threecomponent system has been given by Katz and Ferris:; who assumed that the mixing of hydrated protein with either water or urea solutions is an athermal process. They also found that, within the limits of experimental error, this assumption is justified. Since the concentration of NaCl and HCl in our solvent is relatively small, Eq. (2) can be applied in the present case as well. In our case /1 V ( l l can be calculated from the relation (3) derived from the equation relating the apparent molar volume of urea with concentration 1 For each urea concentration six parallel experiments were performed. The experimental error was estimated at ± 20 ml./mole which essentially agrees with the value obtained by a detailed analysis 5. The differences (V 2 u V 2 ) in 0.02 M NaCl0.01 M HCl can be obtained by substracting the partial molar volume of the protein in that solvent from the partial molar volume in 0.02 M NaCl0.01 M HClurea. We are aware of the fact that the use of the term»molar«in a four or fivecomponent system is quite ambiguous. However, considering the fact that V 2 u changes very little with urea concentration and that the final protein concentration in dilatometric experiments is relatively small, we can, as previously 1, expect that the values of (V211 V 2 ) obtained in this way should compare favorably with those found in dilatometric experiments. In Fig. 1 the differences (V 2 u V 2 ) obtained by the two methods are plotted as a function of urea concentration. For comparison, a plot of (V211V2 ) for protein solutions in 0.02 M NaCl has also been included.
PARTIAL SPECIFIC VOLUME OF BLACTOGLOBULIN 69 TABLE II Volume Change at 25 C as a Function of Urea Concentration t. V 1 refers to the addition of 0.980 ml. of solvent to 4.00 ml of urea solution; t. V 2 refers to the addition of 0.980 ml. of 6.60/o ~ lactoglobulin A solution to 4.00 ml. of urea solution. In the last row the values of t. V 1 and t. V2, respectively, refer to the addition of 0.980 ml. of 8 M urea and 0.980 ml. of 6.60/o ~ lactoglobulin A in 8 M urea to appropriate urea solution. Equil. urea cone., [mole/i.] (V2uV2)' [ml./mole] A. Solvent: 0.02 M NaCl 0.01 M HCI 2.0 4.0 5.8 7.0 8.0 9.6 0.65 ± 0.03 2.21 4.21 5.91 7.24 0.43 0.52 ± 0.03 2.00 4.53 6.24 7.43 0.13 29 ± 20 34 134 154 129 78 B. Solvent: 0.02 M NaCl 2.0 6.0 8.0 9.6 0.64 4.47 7.30 0.25 0.46 4.01 7.22 0.15 43 80 55 22 In th e calculation s the partial specific volume of ~ lact oglobulin with no urea present was taken to be 0.752 ml./g, cf. Table I, and the molecular weight 17,800. 80 40 'Q;' 0 0 z 40..., t:>n 80 1. j:>.n 120 150 2 4 5 urea concentration 8 (mole/t) Fig. 1. Plots of the differences of the partial molar volumes of Blactoglobulin A in urea solutions and 0.02 M NaCl0,01 M or 0.02 M NaCl. e: dilatometric measurements in 0.02 M NaCl; 0 : dilatometric measurements in 0.02 M NaCl0.01 M NaCl; hexagons: density measurements in 0.02 M NaCl0.01 M HCI. DISCUSSION The shape of the curves in Fig. 1 is similar to that observed with chymotrypsinogen A 1 Therefore an interpretation along similar lines appears to be justified. 10.
70 S. LAPANJE, J. SKERJANC, AND V. DOLECEK The partial specific volume of a protein in solution is considered to be the sum of the constitutive volume, the voids due to imperfect atomic packing in protein molecules, and the volume of solvent incorporated into (or bound to) protein molecules 6 We can assume that the constitutive volume is constant and therefore the volume changes observed are attributed only to the filling up of the voids during unfolding and to interactions of solvent with the protein. The initial increase of the value of (V 2 uv2 ) can thus be attributed to the gradual competitive displacement of water molecules in hydration sheaths of ionic groups on the surface of protein m olecules with urea molecules, which causes a reversal of the electrostriction effect. When the protein begins to unfold, i. e., at urea concenration somewhere above 3 M, this increase is counteracted by gradual filling up of the hollows in protein molecules with solvent. The value of (V 2 uv ~ ), after reaching a maximum, begins to decrease. When unfolding is completed, i. e., when the protein is denaturated, the value of (V~uV 2 ) reaches a minimum. The urea concentration is then about 7 M. Afterwards the value increases again which reflects additional binding of urea. The results of binding studies which are now in progress in our laboratory tend to support such an interpretation. This does not mean that other effects, e. g., hydrophobic interactions, might not be operative. However, their contribution appears to be much smaller 1 In contrast to chymotrypsinogen1, the values of (V 2 u V 2 ) are from 4.5 M urea on negative, the highest negative value being observed in 7 M urea. However, it is to be remembered, that the differences are to an unknown extent due to different solvation. The reader will note that the curve for (V 2 uv 2 ) in 0.02 M NaCl0.01 M HCl has been drawn by considering the results from density as well as dilatometric measurements. In this way we have given equal weight to both sets of results. Inspection of the position of single points with respect to the curve, cf. Fig. 1, reveals that if two curves were drawn one for each set of results their course, except at high urea concentrations, would be nearly identical. Furthermore, considering the fact that the differences of (V2 u V2 ) at single urea concentrations obtained by the two methods are smaller than the experimental errors involved, this procedure appears to be j ustified. H aving shown that the section of the curve between maximum and minimum encompasses the concentration range of urea where unfolding, i.e., denaturation, proceeds and within which the values of (V 2 uv2 ) change relatively considerably, it is instructive to compare the volume changes with the changes of some other property during unfolding. F or such a comparison the data of Pace and Tanford 2 who also studied the urea denaturation of ~lactoglobulin A under conditions very similar to ours are very appropriate. They measured the dependence of optical rotation on urea concentration. From their Fig. 1 it can be inferred that unfolding begins somewhere above 3 M urea and is concluded at 7 M urea which is in agreement with our findings. This is not surprising, since if the change of a property reflects only unfolding or if unfolding is the dominant factor contributing to that change, such a behavior is to be expected. Namely;
PARTIAL SPECIFIC VOLUME OF fl LACTOGLOBULIN 71 both properties, volume and optical rotation, depend on the extent of unfolding. The second curve in Fig. 1 was obtained from the values of (V2 uv2) at ph's around 6.0. The curve is distinctly different from the first and clearly displays the importance of ph in unfolding: The positions of maximum and minimum have been shifted towards higher urea concentrations which reflects a higher stability of the native form near the isoelectric point. The form of the curve, on the other hand, is very similar to that for low ph. Furthermore, it is to be noted that the measurements of density as well as of volume changes were limited to relatively short times. It is well possible, however, that in the transition region, 3 M7 M urea, the equilibrium state was not reached 7 and the values of (V211V~) obtained correspond to metastable states. As has been mentioned above, a similar behavior has been observed with bovine serum albumin 5 and chymotrypsinogen A 1. One would be tempted now to make the generalization that all globular proteins behave similarly. The differences between single proteins are due to different composition and structure. However, the recent paper of Katz an9 Denis8 in which the results of a similar study of myoglobin and apomyoglobin are given suggests some precaution. Namely, it has been shown that myoglobin behaves very much differently. However, it is quite possible that the anomaly observed is associated with the presence of the heme group in myoglobin. Let us, finally, say a few words about the absolute values of the partial specific volume. The value in 0.02 NI NaCl0.01 M HCl, 0.752, is very close to that reported in the literature, 0.75!9. The value do~ n~ depend much on urea concentration which results in small values of (V 2 u V 2 ). In conclusion, the statement can be made that in protein solutions containing urea volume changes are indicative of unfolding brought about by urea as well as its interactions with proteins. Unfortunately, the changes are very small so that even with the most sensitive methods for volume measurements the error involved is relatively large. Therefore for denaturation studies other methods, e. g. optical ones, are m ore useful. However, the general picture obtained is in complete agreement with that reached by other methods. Acknowiedgement. We are greatly indebted to Prof. 0. Kratky, University Qf Graz, Austria, for permission to perform density measurements in his laboratory, and to Dr. H. Stabinger of the same laboratory for advices concerning the density measurements. The authors also wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Mr. G. Trtnik who performed most dilatometric measurements. This study was supported by National Institutes of Health, U. S. P. H. S., Grant No. 7 X 9812 and the Boris Kidric Fund. REFERENCES 1. J. S k er j an c, V. Do 1 e c e k, and S. Lap an j e, Eur. J. Biochem. 17 (1970) 164. 2. N. C. Pace and C. Tan ford, Biochemistry 7 (1968) 198. 3. M. J. Hunter, J. Phys. Chem. 70 (1966) 3285. 4. 0. Kratky, H. Leopold, and H. St ab in g er, Z. angew. Phys. 27 (1969) 273. 5. S. Katz and T. G. Ferris, Biochemistry 5 (1966) 3246. 6. W. Ka u z man n, Adv. Protein Chem. 14 (1959) 1.
72 S. LAPANJE, J. SKERJANC, AND V. DOLECEK 7. L. K. Ch r istensen, Compt. rend. t rav. lab. Carlsberg Ser. chim. 28 (1952) 37. 8. S. Ka t z and J. Denis, B i ochim. B i ophys. Act a 207 (1970) 331. 9. K. O. Pede r sen, B i ochem. J. 30 (1936) 961. IZVLECEK Parcialni specificni volumen ~1,aktoglobulina S. Lapanje, J. Skerjan c i n V. Dolecek A v vodnih raztopinah secnine Iz merjenih gostot je bil izracunan parcialni specificni volumen ~ laktoglobulina A v 0.02 M NaCI 0.01 M HCI, ki je vsebovala razliene mnozine secnine. Parcialni specificni volumen najprej narasca s koncentracijo secnine, doseze maksimum, pada, doseze minimum in nato spet narasca. To obnasanje je moc razlociti z vezanjem secnine na protein in nepopolnim skladom atomov v nativnem proteinu. Iz dilatometrienih poskusov so bile dobljene razlike med parcialnim molskim volumnom proteina v 0.02 M NaCl 0.01 M HCI z in brez secnine. Vrednosti teh razlik se zadovoljivo ujemajo s tistimi, ki so bile izraeunane iz parcialnega molskega volumna. Nekaj dilatometricnih poskusov je bilo tudi narejenih s proteinom v 0.02 M NaCl. Dobljeni rezultati pokazejo ob primerjavi z rezultati v 0.02 M NaCI 0.01 M HCl vafoost ph za potek denaturacije s secnino. ODDELEK ZA KEMIJO FAKULTETA ZA NARAVOSLOVJE IN TEHNOLOGIJO UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI Primljeno 31. oktobra 1970.