1. PARTS OF A PLANT Plants have three main parts: roots, stem and leaves. Roots: are in the soil. They obtain food and water from the soil and provide support for the plant. Leaves: they breathe and make the plants food. Stem: It is the part of the plant that holds up the leaves and flowers. It carries water and minerals up from the roots to the leaves. Stems can be herbaceous and woody. flower fruit leaf stem roots 2. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS 2.1. Group of plants On our planet there are more than 250,000 species of different plants. All of these species are classified into two groups: a group of plants without flowers (nonflowering plants) and a group of plants with flowers (flowering plants). The plants with flowers also always have seeds. By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 2
2.2. Plants with flowers. Flowering plants. Plants with flowers are divided into two large groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms: They have small Gimnosperm cone flowers. Their flowers are very simple. They do not have fruit. Most of them are trees that have evergreen leaves. Some examples are pines, cedars, firs and cypresses. Angiosperms: They have flowers and fruit. In this group we find the biggest plants and among them are grasses, bushes and trees. Examples of angiosperms are poppies, hyacinths, rosemary, rockrose, chestnut tree, apple tree, beech tree and oak tree. Angiosperm fruit olives 2.3. Plants without flowers. Non Flowering plants. The plants without flowers (non-flowering plants) do not have seeds or flowers. Mosses Ferns The plants without flowers are mosses and ferns. Mosses: Mosses are very small and simple plants. They have very small roots which are fixed to the ground, to rocks, or to trees. Ferns: Ferns have an underground stem big leaves. By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 3
Plants have three main parts: roots, stem and leaves. Plants are classified into two groups: a group of plants without flowers (nonflowering plants) and a group of plants with flowers (flowering plants). Plants with flowers (flowering plants) produce flowers and seeds and they are the biggest group of plants. Plants with flowers are divided into two large groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms. Plants without flowers (non-flowering plants) are the smallest group of plants. The plants without flowers are mosses and ferns. 1. Read and match. ACTIVITIES 1. How many species of plants are there? 2. What are the group of plants? 3. What are the plants without flowers? 4. What are the plants with flowers? 5. Which group are the biggest plants in? 6. What do plants take through their roots? 2.- Complete this outline. e. About 250.000 b. Mosses and ferns. c. In the amgiosperms group. d. Gymnosperms and angiosperms. f. They take water and mineral salts. a. Non flowering plants and flowering plants. PLANTS Plants with flowers By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 4
3.- Think and answer. What are the main differences between angiosperm and gymnosperm plants? 4.- Read and make sentences. plants food / make / Leaves / the three / have / parts / main / Plants water and minerals / up / to the leaves / The stem / carries / from / the roots small / flowers / have / simple / and / Gymnosperms plants / flowers / are / without / Mosses 5.- Draw a plant and label its parts. By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 5
3. Respiration and nutrition of Plants. How do plants breathe? Plants need to breathe because they are living things. They take carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. Sunlight Plant Nutrition Plants make their own food, that is to say, they are autotrophs. Animals need other animals to feed but plants make their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and minerals. Carbon dioxide CO 2 Light Oxigen O 2 Water Dióxido de Carbono CO 2 Minerals 4. Water and Minerals. How do plants breathe? Plants need water and minerals for their nutrition. In the soil, minerals dissolve in water. Plants take this water from their roots. These nutrients are called raw sap and travel up the stem to the leaves. By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 6
5. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process through which plants make their own food, using sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and minerals. Therefore, the essential elements in the photosynthesis process are: sunlight, water, mineral salts and carbon dioxide in the air. 1- Water and mineral salts are taken through the roots of the plant and transported to the leaves by the stems. 2- Carbon dioxide from the air goes into the leaves. 3- In the leaves, raw sap mixes with carbon dioxide and becomes elaborate sap, this is the plant s food. 4- Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis, so that, it only takes place in the day and not at night. The plants capture light from the sun through a substance called chlorophyll. At the end of photosynthesis, plants produce oxygen. Oxygen O 2 Carbon Dioxide CO 2 Sunlight elaborate sap raw sap Water and mineral salts Plants take carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. Plants make their own food, that is to say, they are autotrophs. Plants need water and minerals for the nutrition. These nutrients are called raw sap. Photosynthesis enables plants to make their own food, using sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and minerals. By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 7
ACTIVITIES 6.- Read and write the answers. A substance in a plant that helps it to capture the light from the sun. The process through which plants make their own food. They are very small and simple plants. They have very small roots which are fixed to the ground, to rocks or to trees The food of the plant. A liquid which is necessary for plants. A gas which is produced by plants. 7.- Make a sentence with each word. Water elaborate sap oxygen chlorophyll sunlight 8.- Order the Photosynthesis process. o Hydrogen is used with carbon dioxide to create food. In the leaves, raw sap mixes with carbon dioxide and becomes elaborate sap, this is the plant s food. o Sunlight is used to break down the water in the plant into oxygen which plants give off and we use to breathe. o Carbon dioxide from the air goes into the leaves through pores and spreads to the cells that contain chlorophyll in the leaf. o Water and mineral salts are taken through the roots of the plant and transported to the leaves by the stems. 9.- Explain the difference between thick sap and elaborate sap. 10.- Think and answer. Why are plants very important in nature? By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 8
3. REPRODUCTION OF PLANTS 3.1. Sexual reproduction Plants produce flowers through sexual reproduction. Flowers are organs produced by the plant. Flowers have one masculine part and one feminine part. The masculine part is formed by the stamens where pollen is produced with grains that are microscopic in size. The feminine part is the ovary, which is in the centre of the flower. In the interior of the ovary are the ovules, where the seeds are found. 4. Sexual reproduction. Flowers are the reproductive organs of the plant. Flowers have one masculine part and one feminine part. The masculine part is formed by the stamens where pollen is produced, with grains microscopic that are in size. The feminine part is the ovary, which is in the centre of the flower. In the interior of the ovary are the ovules, where the seeds are found. corolla petal sepal ovary stamen calyx ovules By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 9
4.1. Pollination. The first step in reproduction is pollination. Pollination is the transportation of the pollen grains from the stamen to the ovary. It can occur in two ways: Pollenization by insects: Insects carry the pollen from one flower to another flower. To attract the insects, the flowers can be big, beautiful and have a nice smell, and also produce nectar, a sugary liquid. Pollenization by wind: Wind carries the pollen grains from one flower to another. Insects carry the pollen from one flower to another. 4.2. Seeds and fruit After pollination, the flower changes. Petals fall and the ovary grows and becomes a fruit with seeds. Finally the fruit opens and the seeds fall out. The seeds germinate: they open and small roots and leaves grow. A new plant is formed. 5. Asexual reproduction. Many plants with flowers can reproduce without contact with other flowers or seeds. This type of reproduction is called asexual reproduction. Tubers: for example, potatoes have underground stems. Bulbs: for example, onions, also grow underground. By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 10
4. TYPES OF PLANTS According to their size plants can be divided into: Trees: They have a large, single trunk rising above the ground. The trunk is composed of wood and usually has different branches. The largest plants are trees. Bushes: They have more than one woody stem rising from the ground. They are smaller than trees. Grasses: All herbs are herbaceous plants. They do not have the woody stems of trees and bushes. DAISY GERANIUM TULIPS CAMELLIA POPPY HYACINTH ROSEBUSH ROSEMARY By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 11
CYPRESS PINE TREE OLIVE TREE OAK TREE APPLE TREE ORANGE TREE PALM CHESTNUT TREE Plants produce flowers through sexual reproduction. Flowers are organs produced by the plant. The masculine part is formed by the stamens. The feminine part is the ovary in its interior are the ovules. The first step in reproduction is pollination. It can occur in two ways: pollenization by insects and by wind. Many plants with flowers can reproduce without contact with other flowers or seeds, this is called asexual reproduction. Plants can be divided into: trees, bushes and grasses. ACTIVITIES 11.- Read and complete these sentences. The masculine part of a plant is formed by... The feminine part of a plant is formed by The first step in reproduction is... Pollenization is the transport of the pollen grains from the... to the... In asexual reproduction many plants can reproduce without contact with other flowers or... After pollenization ovules transform into... By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 12
12.- Read and put these sentences in order. first / step / pollenization / The / reproduction / is / in transform / ovules / After / pollenization / seeds / into are / organs / produced / Flowers / plant / by carry / the / Insects / flower / from / one / pollen / another / to ways / Pollenization / in / two / occurs embryo / an / seed / The / has / in / centre / its plants / can / without / Some / reproduce / with / contact / plants / other masculine / is / stamens / The / part / formed / the / by 13.- Draw a flower with its masculine and feminine part. 14.- Read and complete this crossword. Across 2. Their seeds are formed in the interior of the fruit and flowers are big and beautiful. 5. Where pollen is produced. 7. a feminine part in the centre of the flower. 8. The part of the plant that converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. 9. The transportation of the pollen grains from the stamen to the ovary. 11. Plants with a large and single trunk rising above the ground. The trunk is composed of wood and usually has different branches. 12. Plants release this gas. 13. Most of them are trees which do not have fruit and have perennial leaves. 15. A type of animals which are very important in pollenization. 17. The fruit contains it in its interior and protects it. Down 1. A vegetable with asexual reproduction. 3. The process through which plants make their own food. 4. A substance that helps plants to capture sunlight. 6. A tree which give us apples. 10. Plants take in water and mineral salts through them. 14. Small and simple plants. 16. The part of the plant that holds it up. By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 EclipseCrossword.com 15.- Find four grasses, two bushes and four trees. W R T R T P Y R O S E M A R Y H J C N K L I F G T H J L O N B M C Y X S W N A V B J T K L O D P C P V B G E R A N I U M H O A K E R T V Z A Q E D C L R F V I T G E B Y N I K L O L I V E P S N M S N B V H U G F C P O P P Y H V S C R O S E B U S H R T Y U H By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 14
16.- Look and write: Mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 17.- Complete the outline. THE PLANTS are classified into They provide nutrition They make the Plants without flowers. includes. Mosses.... Respiration It can be and sexual... By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 15
18.- Listen to the teacher and say true or false Plants are living things True!! 19.- Read and complete this summary.. is the process through which plants make their own food. Photosynthesis is performed by the. of plants. The water and mineral salts of the. combined with carbon dioxide transform into an. which is the food of the plant. In order to transform the thick sap into an elaborate sap, plants need. from the sun. Because of this, plants can only perform photosynthesis during the. when there is light. The plants capture light from the through a substance called. At the end of photosynthesis, plants produce.. 20.- Read and choose the correct answer. a) The stem of trees are: soft and flexible hard b) Plants without flowers are: mosses angiosperms c) Photosynthesis is performed by the: leaves roots d) Plants with small flowers and without fruit are: gymnosperms angiosperms e) Plants take water and mineral salts through: leaves roots f) Plants can only perform photosynthesis during the: day night g) Plants capture light through a substance called: chlorophyll thick sap h) Plants release: oxygen carbon dioxide i) Seeds are inside the: fruit flower j) The reproductive organs of the plant are the: leaves flowers By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 16
21.- Make 4 sentences. Two true and two false and ask your classmate about them. 1.... 2.... 3.... 4.... 22.- Choose two plants, stick the card and...play Bingo!! MOSSES GERANIUM CACTUS PALM POPPY CHESTNUT TREE FERNS ROSEMARY By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 17
23.- Sing this song Pines, trees and oak trees Need to breathe need to breathe The sun will give them all the light To elaborate the sap. Oxygen and hydrogen Are in the air, are in the air We breathe these gases everyday Trees and bushes too. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Are my friends are my friends I must water them twice a week To nurture as they deserve. Pollen grains are falling down To the flowers to the flowers There is a pretty bumble bee Flying all around. 24.- Make a project. My plant 1. Find a plant on internet, in a magazine... 2. Draw the plant on a canvas using your carbon pencil 3. Paint and colour your plant with your school paints (tempera) 4. Write the name of the plant and decorate it. 5. Talk to your partners in the class. 25.- What can you do? Cross. Hello, my friends!! Read and write a cross. Do you recognize and understand some oral expressions, texts and words related to plants? Reconoces algunas palabras y expresiones orales relacionadas con las plantas? Can you read information plants and different processes and understand the most important information? Puedes leer información sobre las plantas y diferentes procesos y comprender la información más relevante? Can you speak about plants and the different processes that they make? Puedes hablar sobre las plantas y los diferentes procesos que llevan a cabo?? Do you talk to your classmates about plants and their importance? Hablas con tus compañeros/as acerca de las plantas y su importancia? Can you make projects about plants? Puedes realizar proyectos sobre las plantas? By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 18
Root: Cypress: Air: Stem: Tree: To take: Leaves: Bush: Autotrophs: Soil: Grass: Organ: To obtain: Poppy: Stamen: To provide: Hyacinth: Ovary: To breathe: Rockrose: Ovule: To make: Rosemary: Pollination: Food: Chesnut tree: To attract: To carry: Apple tree: Smell: Flower: Beech tree: To produce: Minerals: Oak tree: To fall: Herbaceous: Mosse: To become: Woody: Fern: To germinate: Always: Ground: To reproduce: Seed: Underground: Asexual: Gymnosperm: Carbon dioxide: Tubers: Angiosperm: Photosyhthesis: Bulbs: Fruit: Raw sap: Perennial: Elaborate sap: Pine: To mix: Cedar: To release: Fir: Oxygen: By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 19