KINGDOMS (bacteria plants) & Viruses

KINGDOMS (bacteria plants) & Viruses

ALL viruses have VIRUSES A protein coat (also called shell or capsid) A nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) Some virus have A lipid envelope Tail fibers and sheath Special enzymes (reverse transcriptase in HIV changes its RNA to DNA in host cell)

What Viruses Do ALL REQUIRE A HOST CELL LYTIC CYCLE 1. Attaches to cell and injects nucleic acid into cell 2. Viral DNA transcribed and viral proteins are made 3. Viral DNA copied (replicated) 4. Many new viruses are built with new copies of DNA and protein coats 5. Lysozyme dissolves host cell membrane and virus burst out of exploded host cell

What Viruses Do

LYSOGENIC CYCLE What Viruses Do-2 1. Attaches to cell and injects nucleic acid into cell 2. Viral DNA is inserted into host DNA 3. Viral DNA copied every time host DNA is replicated 4. May stay in host and never cause a problem OR 5. A trigger like radiation (herpes virus) can make it go into the lytic cycle which destroys host cells and spreads/sheds virus particles

What Viruses Do-2

BACTERIA 2 KINDOMS- ARCHAEBACTERIA ( ancient extremophiles) EUBACTERIA (normal bacteria) ALL BACTERIA ARE PROKAYOTES-they DO NOT have a nucleus

EUBACTERIA are either Gram positive, stain purple with thicker cell walls more (peptidoglycan) Gram negative, stain pink with thinner cell walls less (peptidoglycan) BACTERIA

BACTERIA Archaebacteria are ancient and considered the original life forms on earth They are found in extreme environments like hydrothermal vents on the bottom of the ocean, in volcanoes, very salty places and deep in the earth Eubacteria are what we consider bacteria They cause disease, are decomposers, live in and on us and make delicious foods

BACTERIA Bacteria generally reproduce asexually through binary fission Although they do not reproduce sexually, they do share DNA plasmids (like a small bacterial chromosome) by a process called conjugation Conjugation uses structures called pilli This increases variety instead of depending solely on mutation

CONJUGATION PLASMIDS small pieces of DNA

BACTERIA ARE GOOD Bacteria Make a variety of food, like sour cream, yogurt, pickles and kimchi Make vitamin K in our large intestine that helps blood clot and break down some foods. They live on our skin and other surfaces and protect us from bad bacteria Are vital decomposers including helping clean up oil spills Soil bacteria fix atmospheric N for plants Can be manipulated to help create genetically modify other organisms

Bacteria BACTERIA ARE BAD Destroy and contaminate food and water supplies Cause many diseases like strep throat, flesh eating disease, leprosy, tetanus, staph (MRSA) and many pneumonias and other infections Can share antibiotic resistance with disease causing bacteria

Antibiotics Antibiotics means against life BUT Antibiotics ONLY treat bacterial infections Usually work by destroying the cell walls of bacteria Using antibiotics for non bacterial infections tends to encourage growth of resistant populations that CANNOT be killed by antibiotics Other medications treat viral, fungal and protozoan infections

BACTERIA SHAPES Bacteria ROD SHAPED bacillus ROUND SHAPED-coccus SPIRAL SHAPED-spirella or spirochetes

BACTERIA SHAPES

BACTERIA MOVEMENT Bacteria CAN MOVE BY Whipping flagella Slipping on a slime layer Not moving at all

BACTERIA ENERGY Bacteria GET THEIR ENERGY BY Being a heterotroph (they can eat us ) Using light to make food, photoautotroph Using chemicals (like hydrogen sulfide) to make food, chemoautotroph

BACTERIA PARTS

PR0TISTS The Protista Kingdom is unique to all the other eukaryotic kingdoms in that Mostly unicellular with a few exceptions Has 3 distinct groups each one like another kingdom Only in the kingdom because they do not fit anywhere else

PR0TISTS The Protista Kingdom ALL ARE Eukaryotic cells (in DOMAIN Eukarya) meaning they are composed of cells that have a nucleus

PR0TISTS The Protista Kingdom has three main groups: Animal-like (protozoa= 1 st animals) Plant-like (algae= ancestors of modern plants) Fungi-like (DO NOT HAVE CELL WALLS OF CHITIN)

PR0TISTS The Protista Kingdom is unique to all the other eukaryotic kingdoms in that Mostly unicellullar with a few exceptions Has 3 distinct groups each one like another kingdom Only in the kingdom because they do not fit anywhere else

PROTISTS COMPLETE CHART P. 21 AND 22 using your book or online sources about these 10 protists Amoeba Rhodophyta Paramecium Phaeophyta Plasmodium Diatoms Chlamydomonas Volvox Euglena Phytophthora infestans

Fungi (Mycota) ALMOST ALL multicellular EXCEPT unicellular yeast All eukaryotic in the Domain Eukarya

DRAW A MUSHROOM Made of tiny stands called hyphae

Fungi (Mycota) All fungi have cell walls made of chitin

Fungi (Mycota) Fungi are important because Personal importance: source of food, fermentation and common parasite (athletes foot) and contaminant (mold on bread and in the shower) Economic importance: are food and destroy many crops and food stores, fermentation (wine and beer), bread and pizza dough, and are easily genetically modified

Fungi (Mycota) Fungi are important because Ecological importance: primary decomposers (saprophytes=eat dead stuff) and help return nutrients to the soil (biogeochemical cycles like nitrogen and carbon) Mycorrhizae are fungi that form mutualist relationships with plant roots to help plants absorb more water and nutrients by increasing surface area and freeing minerals and sharing glucose that the plant makes

Fungi (Mycota) More Ecological importance: Lichen are fungi that form a mutualist relationships with algae and are excellent indicators of air quality and are a pioneer species for primary succession since they grow on and break down rock

Fungi (Mycota) Fungi are important because Medically importance: are often used for genetic manipulation (GMOs) and produce insulin for humans, they can cause diseases like athletes foot and yeast infections and cure diseases (antibiotics like penicillin)

FUNGAL DISEASES

Fungi (Mycota) ALL FUNGI ARE HETEROTROPHS They use exoenzymes (released to the outside of their cells) to digest their food first Second, they absorb the predigested food So they digest THEN ingest! This is why they are such good decomposers and pathogens (disease causing organisms)

Fungi (Mycota) Fungi reproduce using alternation of generations; meaning they have a sexual stage and an asexual stage Budding: is method of asexual reproduction, occurs in most yeasts and in some filamentous fungi. A bud develops on the surface of either the yeast cell or the hyphae and the nucleus of the parent cell then divides (mitosis) and one of the daughter nuclei migrates into the bud

Budding Fungi (Mycota)

Fungi (Mycota) Spore formation: spores are reproductive structure created by mitosis usually produced in sporangia Advantages of spores: very small Just takes one to grow a new organism Travel a long distance by wind or on other organisms Do not germinate (grow) until they reach a good environment

Fungi (Mycota) Divisions or phyla of fungi: Ascomycota (sac fungi) spores stored in ascus Basidiomycota (club fungi) spores stored in bat like structure called a basidiummushrooms in this group Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi) no identified sexual stage (old term) Zygomycota (common molds) bread molds and have special hyphae called stolons

Fungi (Mycota) Gills and one gill with basidium

Who am I? Fungi (Mycota)

PLANTS A plant is a multicellular photoautotrophic eukaryotic organism that used chlorophyll a and b with cell walls of cellulose in Domain Eukarya All plants require: Water Light Gas exchange carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) Nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) CO 2 + H 2 O + LIGHT GLUCOSE (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) + O 2

Plant Adaptations: PLANTS Most moved from water (algae) to land: Roots with root hairs that increase surface are to pick up water Leaves photosynthetic organ of plants Stems allow plants to grow tall Cell walls made of cellulose strong and rigid Phototropism- move grow toward light Geotropism- move grow toward gravity (water) Thigmotropism- move away from touch

PLANTS Vascular vs Nonvascular: Nonvascular plants are very limited by size Examples: Bryophytes= mosses, liverworts and hornworts Vascular plants are all of the rest and can be very large, including the tallest organisms on the planet (sequoias) Examples: pteraphyta, gymnosperm and angiosperm

PLANTS Vascular Tissues Phloem- carries nutrients and sugars Xylem- carries water Both move against gravity using capillary action A Stomata is a structure that allows gas exchange (usually on leaves) Guard cells prevent or allow water to leave cells via transpiration

PLANTS More on Vascular Tissues vascular tissue at work!

PLANTS

PLANTS Bryophytes (moss leaf) Small Non-vascular Seedless Must live near water because they need it to reproduce Produce spores Examples: mosses, liverworts and hornworts

PLANTS Pteraphytes (wing leaf) Small to medium sizes Vascular Seedless Must live near water because they need it to reproduce Produce spores Examples: ferns

PLANTS Gymnosperm(naked seed) Small to giant in size Vascular Seeds in cones Often needle-like leaves can live in many different climates Examples: pines, conifers, ancient cycads and ginkgoes

PLANTS Angiosperm(covered seed) Small to giant in size Vascular FLOWERING PLANTS= most plants >90% Covered seeds in ovaries (fruit) Very diverse group Two main types monocots and dicots Examples: lettuce, tomatoes, grass and oak trees

Comparison of Monocots and Dicots - Angiosperms Monocots Dicots Seeds Single cotyledon Two cotyledons Leaves Parallel veins Branched veins Flowers Stems Floral parts often in multiples of 3 Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Roots Fibrous roots Taproot

Comparison of Monocots and Dicots - Angiosperms

FLOWER PARTS

Generalized Plant Life Cycle alternation of generations Haploid Diploid MEIOSIS Spores (N) Gametophyte Plant (N) Sporophyte Plant (2N) Sperm (N) FERTILIZATION Eggs (N)

PLANTS Perfect flowers have both the female and male reproductive structures while imperfect do not have both (also called complete and incomplete) Fruit are ripened ovaries and mature after pollination of a flower ALL angiosperm have flowers and form fruit All fruit are not edible to us but protect seeds until they can germinate

TROPHIC PYRAMID Look what is on the bottom!

PLANTS Are primary producers and vitally important to our planet! Can you imagine a planet without plants? How long could we last without their ecological services?