STUDY GUIDE SECTION 27-1 Plants and People

STUDY GUIDE SECTION 27-1 Plants and People You may work with one partner, but each student must turn in their own completed packet. For the Multiple Choice-please choose the best answer. For the Short answer questions- please answer in complete sentences, unless it says name or list. Please make sure your writing is neat and legible! Thank you! 1. In cultivating wheat, early farmers selected wheat plants a. whose seeds were easily dispersed. b. whose stalks did not break easily in the wind. c. that produced the fewest grains. d. that had the largest seed pods. 2. Legumes are valuable crops because they have protein-rich seeds and because a. they improve the nitrogen contents of soil. b. their leaves are sued as herbs. c. their leaves are fed to livestock. d. their bark is a source of quinine. 3. All of the following plants are used for their medicinal value except the a. cinchona tree. b. white willow. c. coconut d. foxglove. 1. What is a cultivar? 2. Give two examples of cultivars. 3. For the following food crops, provide a definition and then three examples. A. Cereals- ex.,, B. Root crops- ex.,, C. Legumes- ex.,, D. Fruits- Name Period Date ex.,, 1 P a g e

E. Vegetables- ex.,, F. Spices- ex.,, G. Herbs- ex.,, H. Flavorings- ex.,, 4. A. What nutrients are usually deficient in diets consisting of cereals and root crops? 5. For the following non-food uses of plants, provide the names of the plants and the product produced. Name of plant Product Medicine Medicine Clothing Clothing Fuel Label each of the food plants shown below according to one of the following food categories, fruit, cereal, root crop, legume, vegetable, nut, spice, and herb. Use each term only once. 2 P a g e

STUDY GUIDE SECTION 27-2 Plants and the Environment 1. Which of the following is not a reason why animals help pollinate plants? a. The animals want to help the plants reproduce successfully. b. The shape and color of the plants flowers attract animals. c. The animals obtain nectar as they pollinate the plants. d. The plants flowers resemble females of the animals species. 2. Mycorrhizal fungi a. cause plant diseases that may result in major crop losses. b. infect plant roots without harming the roots. c. decrease a plant s ability to absorb water and inorganic nutrients. d. supply plants with energy in exchange for water. 3. Most of the problems associated with hay fever are caused by a. airborne pollen. c. skin contact with weeds. b. ingested fruits and berries. d. cotton clothing. 4. Which of the following is not likely to cause hay fever? a. deciduous trees b. wild grasses c. cereal crops d. large flowers 1. Explain how plants participate in the cycling of oxygen and carbon dioxide on Earth. Look up the next three questions! 2. Describe the agricultural work of George Washington Carver: 3. Describe crop rotation: 4. Why did George Washington Carver encourage farmers to plant peanuts? 5. Describe Plant/Pollinator interactions: 6. A. Describe mycorrhizae: 3 P a g e

B. Explain how mycorrhizae benefit both the plant and the fungi. 7. A. Describe nitrogen fixation: 8. Explain three specific ways plants can harm humans. Include the specific plant name. A. B. C. STUDY GUIDE SECTION 28-1 Overview of Plants 1. Each of the following is part of a seed except the a. embryo b. endosperm c. seed coat d. gametophyte 2. Ferns are a type of a. vascular plant b. seed plant c. angiosperm d. gymnosperm 3. Pine trees are a types of a. nonvascular plant b. angiosperm c. gymnosperm d. herbaceous plant. 1. Name three adaptations plants have made to life on land, and briefly describe the advantage of each adaptation. A. B. C. 2. Describe three similarities between modern green algae and plants. A. B. 4 P a g e

C. 3. Describe these plant parts and include the advantage for the plant. A. Cuticle- B. Spore- C. Seed- 4. Explain the function of these plant parts: A. Vascular tissue- B. Xylem- C. Phloem- 5. Describe a nonvascular plant- 6. Describe a vascular plant- 7. Describe theses plant- A. Seed plants- B. Gymnosperms- C. Angiosperms The diagram below in a phylogenic diagram of plants and their algal ancestors. In the spaces provided, name the important adaptation(s) that evolved at each of the positions indicated on the phylogenic diagram. 5 P a g e

STUDY GUIDE SECTION 28-2 Nonvascular Plants 1. Bryophytes include all of the following except a. ferns b hornworts c. liverworts d. mosses 2. Mosses are called pioneer plants because they a. are more closely related to algae than to plants. b. were the first plants to be cultivated by European settlers in North America. c. are often the first species to inhabit a barren area. d. gradually remove organic and inorganic matter from the surface of rocks. 1. Describe a bryophyte: 2. Describe a rhizoid: 3. Describe three ways that humans use peat moss: A. B. C. 4. Explain how moss benefits an environmentally disturbed area: STUDY GUIDE SECTION 28-3 Vascular Plants 1. Which of the following is a seedless vascular plant? a. Ginkgo b. Fern c. Cycad d. Pine 2. One of the adaptive advantages of seeds is that seeds a. do not remain inactive for long periods of time. b. can germinate without water. c. lack a tough outer coat. d. contain a nutrient supply. 6 P a g e

3. Most monocots a. bear their seeds in cones. b. have vascular bundles that are arranged in a circle. c. do not produce flowers. d. have parallel venation. 1. Identify two ways that vascular plants differ from nonvascular plants. A. B. 2. Define a spore: 3. Describe a fern: 4. Describe these parts of a fern A. rhizome- B. fiddlehead- C. fronds- 5. Define these terms: A. Germinates- B. Seedling- 6. Define a cone: 7. How many species of Ginkgo live today? 8. Describe a ginkgo: 9. Why are ginkgoes a good choice to plant in cities? 10. Describe a gymnosperm: 11. What does gymnosperm mean? (look it up) 7 P a g e

12. Describe the A. Male cones- B. Female cones- 13. Describe the angiosperms- 14. Define: A. a fruit- B. an ovary- 15. Provide 5 examples of angiosperms: 16. Describe the function of the fruit: 17. Look this up! Describe: A. Woody plants- B. Herbaceous plants- 18. In the plant lab, did we plant woody plants or herbaceous plants? 19. Define a cotyledon- include the function. (Think!) 20. Define a A. Monocot- B. Dicot- 21. Fill in the chart below Monocots Cotyledons Leaf venation Flower parts 3 examples Dicots 8 P a g e

STUDY GUIDE SECTION 29-1 Plant Cells and Tissues 1. Intercalary meristems are found in some a. mosses b. gymnosperms c. algae d. grasses 2. In woody stems and roots, the epidermis is replaced by a. the vascular cambium c. apical meristems b. cork cells d. sieve plates 3. Primary growth refers to a. the germination of a seedling. b. an increase in the length of a plant. c. growth produced by the lateral meristems. d. an increase in the diameter of a stem. 1. Explain the location and function of these types of meristems. Location Function Apical Intercalary Lateral 2. Define primary growth- 3. Define secondary growth- STUDY GUIDE SECTION 29-2 Roots 1. One example of a plant with a fibrous root system is a a. carrot b. cottonwood c. radish d. grass 2. All of the following adaptations increase the ability of roots to absorb water except a. root caps c. fibrous root systems b. root hairs d. mycorrhizal associations 3. One of the micronutrients plants absorb is a. manganese b. nitrogen c. potassium d. carbon 9 P a g e

4. One of the macronutrients plants absorb is a. iron b. copper c. phosphorus d. molybdenum 1. Name three plant organs: 2. Describe three function of roots: A. B. C. 3. Describe: A. Taproots- B. Fibrous roots- C. Prop roots- D. Aerial roots- 4. Describe the function of root hairs: STUDY GUIDE SECTION 29-3 Stems 1. Which of the following are found in both roots and stems? a. buds b. vascular tissues c. nodes d. internodes 2. In a stem cross section, an annual ring represents an abrupt change between a. Summerwood and springwood. c. bark and cork. b. Heartwood and sapwood. D. xylem and phloem. 1. Describe the vascular cambium: 2. Define these parts: A. Heartwood- 10 P a g e

B. Sapwood- C. Bark- D. Springwood- E. Summerwood- F. Annual ring- 3. Describe three functions of a stem: A. B. C. 4. Describe transpiration: 5. Explain the cohesion-tension theory: 6. Review! Describe polarity in water: STUDY GUIDE SECTION 29-4 Leaves 1. A leaf that is divided into leaflets is called a a. simple leaf b. compound leaf c. veined leaf d. parallel leaf 2. One adaptation the reduces water loss from leaves without reducing the rate of photosynthesis is the a. Closure of the stomata during the night. b. Closure of the stomata during water shortages. c. Presence of a large number of stomata. d. Presence of epidermal hairs. 3. Most photosynthesis occurs in a portion of the leaf called the a. Vascular bundle. c. palisade mesophyll. b. Spongy mesophyll. d. upper epidermis. 11 P a g e

1. Describe three adaptations of leaves for functions besides photosynthesis. A. B. C. 2. Describe these terms: A. blade- B. petiole- C. simple leaf- D. compound leaf- E. epidermal hairs- 3. THINK! Look at the other Plant labs! Of the plants in the Plant lab, which one was covered in epidermal hairs? 4. Complete the following chart below: Description Stomata Function Mesophyll Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll 5. What is the main function of leaves? 6. Describe guard cells- include their function: 7. Write the formula for photosynthesis: 8. When are most stomata open? When are most stomata closed? 12 P a g e

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Identify the structures labeled a-f in the drawing of the internal structure of a leaf shown below. STUDY GUIDE SECTION 30-1 Plant Life Cycles (Page 612) 1. Which type of come produces pollen? Which type of come produces ovules? 2. Describe pollination: 3. Are large, woody cones male or female? STUDY GUIDE SECTION 30-2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 1. Describe the parts listed below: A. Sepals- B. Petals- C. Stamens- D. Anther- E. Filament- F. Pistil- G. Ovary- H. Style- I. Stigma- 2. Where do pollen grains form? 13 P a g e

3. Explain: A. Self-pollination- B. Cross pollination- 4. Describe, in general, the flowers of plants that are wind pollinated: 5. Describe the four conditions for successful wind pollination: A. C. B. D. 6. In general, describe the flowers of animal pollinated plants: 7. Explain how animals are attracted to flowers. 8. What adaptive advantage does a plant have by producing nectar? 9. Describe fertilization: 10. Describe the function of the endosperm: 11. Of the following, which of each pair occurs first? A. fruit/flower B. fertilization/pollination C. germination/ seedling 12. (Look it up!) Describe a: A. complete flower- B. incomplete flower- 14 P a g e

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Identify the structures labeled a-i in the diagram of a flower shown below. STUDY GUIDE SECTION 30-3 Dispersal and Propagation 1. One structure that is not an adaptation for fruit or seed dispersal is the a. parachute on a milkweed seed. c. air chamber in a coconut. b. pair of wings on a pine seed. d. cotyledon of a corn grain. 2. The first visible sign of seed germination is the a. growth of the shoot. b. emergence of the radicle. c. appearance of the cotyledons above the soil. d. unfolding of the plumule s embryonic leaves. Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. Define dispersion- 2. Define propagation- 3. Provide examples of the following: A. Animal dispersal (2 ex.)- B. Wind dispersal (1 ex.)- C. Water dispersal (1 ex)- 15 P a g e

4. Define and provide the function of a fruit: 5. Name: A. two fleshy fruits: B. two dry fruits: C. three fruits that we call vegetables : 6. Describe the function of the A. Seed coat- B. Cotyledons- C. Radicle- 7. Identify four environmental factors or conditions that are required for the germination of at least some seeds. A. C. B. D. 8. Because plants make their own food through photosynthesis, why is it necessary for plant seeds to contain food sources? 9. For asexual reproduction, explain one: A. Advantage- B. Disadvantage- 10. A. Describe vegetative propagation: B. Provide two examples: 11. Describe the process and provide one example for each of the following. Process Example Cuttings Layering Grafting Tissue culture 16 P a g e

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