Skills Worksheet Directed Reading A Section: Structures of Seed Plants 1. Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals through a plant is called a. shoots. c. phloem. b. xylem. d. leaves. 2. Vascular tissue that transports food molecules to all parts of a plant is called a. shoots. c. phloem. b. xylem. d. leaves. ROOTS 3. Most root systems are located. 4. What are the three main functions of roots? Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided. 5. cells of the epidermis that extend from the root 6. group of cells that produces a slimy substance 7. root system with one main root 8. layer of cells that cover root surfaces 9. plants that usually have fibrous roots 10. structure protected by the root cap 11. what root hairs increase a. fibrous root b. root tip c. epidermis d. surface area e. taproot f. root hairs g. monocots h. root cap 12. root system in which roots are usually the same size Holt Science and Technology 10 Introduction to Plants
STEMS 13. Which of the following is NOT true about stems? a. Stems are always located above the ground. b. Stems connect the roots to the leaves and flowers. c. Stems display flowers to pollinators. d. Stems can store water. 14. What does xylem do? a. It carries food to plant parts. b. It dissolves minerals and food. c. It carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. d. It grows longer roots. 15. What does phloem do? a. It carries food to plant parts. b. It participates in photosynthesis. c. It takes water and minerals to stems. d. It dissolves minerals. 16. Stems that are soft, thin, and flexible are a. xylem. b. herbaceous. c. phloem. d. woody. 17. Name two examples of plants with herbaceous stems. 18. What is a growth ring? Holt Science and Technology 11 Introduction to Plants
LEAVES 19. What is the main function of leaves? a. They create water for the plant. b. They keep insects away from the plant. c. They make food for the plant. d. They absorb oxygen for the plant. 20. From top to bottom, list the four layers in a leaf. 21. Most photosynthesis takes place in the in the middle of the leaf. Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided. 22. cells that open and close the stomata 23. layer of cells that contains many chloroplasts 24. a single layer of cells beneath the cuticle 25. a tiny opening that allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaf a. stoma b. guard cells c. spongy layer d. epidermis e. palisade layer f. cuticle 26. layer where carbon dioxide moves freely and xylem and phloem are found 27. structure that prevents water loss from the leaf 28. Cactus spines are that protect cactuses from animals. 29. The leaves of the sundew plant catch, which are digested to provide nitrogen to the plant. Holt Science and Technology 12 Introduction to Plants
FLOWERS 30. Why do some plants have flowers? 31. In a flower, modified leaves called protect the bud. 32. The broad, flat, thin leaflike parts of a flower, called, attract insects and other animals. 33. The male reproductive structure of flowers is a(n). 34. In flowers, a(n) is the female reproductive structure. 35. If the egg is fertilized, the develops into a fruit and the develops into a seed. 36. List three ways that humans use flowers. Holt Science and Technology 13 Introduction to Plants
Match the labels to the illustration. Write the letters in the space provided. A B C D E F G I H J 37. sepal 38. petal 39. ovary 40. ovule 41. anther 42. pistil 43. filament 44. stigma 45. style 46. stamen Holt Science and Technology 14 Introduction to Plants
TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE 13. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Seeds have stored food that young plants can use to start growing, while spores do not have stored food. Seeds can be spread by animals, while spores are generally spread by the wind, which is not as efficient as animals. 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. A 21. B 22. cones 23. gametophytes 24. wind 25. forest fires 26. pollination 27. B 28. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Some seeds are carried by the wind. Some fruits are eaten by animals, which discard the seeds. Some fruits, such as burrs, are carried by sticking to animal fur. 29. M 30. M 31. D 32. M 33. D 34. D 35. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A field mouse uses flowering plants directly as food when it eats seeds and berries. An owl uses flowering plants indirectly as food when it eats a field mouse. 36. Answers will vary. Sample answer: major food crops, such as corn, wheat, and rice; as building materials; to make clothing and rope; to make medicines, rubber, and perfume oils SECTION: STRUCTURES OF SEED PLANTS 1. B 2. C 3. underground 4. Answers will vary. Sample answer: They supply plants with water and minerals from the soil. They hold plants in the soil. They store surplus food. 5. F 6. H 7. E 8. C 9. G 10. B 11. D 12. A 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. Answers will vary. Sample answers: clovers, poppies, buttercups, beans, tomatoes, corn 18. Answers will vary. Sample answer: A growth ring is a ring of dark cells, formed by small xylem cells produced in fall, surrounding lighter cells, formed by larger xylem cells produced in spring. 19. C 20. upper epidermis, palisade layer, spongy layer, lower epidermis 21. palisade layer 22. B 23. E 24. D 25. A 26. C 27. F 28. modified leaves 29. insects 30. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Flowers are adaptations for sexual reproduction. 31. sepals 32. petals 33. stamen 34. pistil 35. ovary, ovule Holt Science and Technology 109 Introduction to Plants
TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE 36. Answers will vary. Sample answers: in floral arrangements; as food; to make tea; as spices; in perfumes, lotions, and shampoos 37. J 38. A 39. H 40. I 41. C 42. E 43. G 44. B 45. D 46. F Directed Reading B SECTION: WHAT IS A PLANT? 1. B 12. C 2. C 13. D 3. D 14. A 4. C 15. B 5. C 16. C 6. vacuole 17. A 7. chloroplast 18. B 8. cell membrane 19. plants 9. cell wall 20. cell walls 10. C 21. ancestor 11. A 22. photosynthesis SECTION: SEEDLESS PLANTS 1. C 12. A 2. B 13. C 3. B 14. B 4. C 15. silica 5. B 16. stems 6. B 17. club mosses 7. C 18. mosses 8. A 19. A 9. B 20. A 10. A 21. B 11. D SECTION: SEED PLANTS 1. A 11. C 2. B 12. D 3. B 13. D 4. A 14. C 5. B 15. A 6. D 16. B 7. A 17. D 8. B 18. B 9. D 19. A 10. A 20. C 21. D 28. seeds 22. A 29. fur 23. B 30. monocot 24.flowers 31. dicot 25. pollen 32. B 26. fruit 33. C 27. wind 34. A SECTION: STRUCTURES OF SEED PLANTS 1. A 23. C 2. B 24. B 3. C 25. A 4. C 26. D 5. B 27. C 6. A 28. B 7. C 29. A 8. C 30. C 9. D 31. B 10. C 32. A 11. C 33. A 12. D 34. A 13. D 35. B 14. support 36. pistil 15. roots 37. ovary 16. shoots 38. stamen 17. water 39. D 18. C 40. A 19. A 41. C 20. D 42. broccoli 21. C 43. chamomile 22. A 44. cloves Vocabulary and Section Summary SECTION: WHAT IS A PLANT? 1. nonvascular plants: the three groups of plants (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses) that lack specialized conducting tissues and true roots, stems, and leaves 2. vascular plant: a plant that has specialized tissues that conduct materials from one part of the plant to another 3. gymnosperm: a woody, vascular seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed by an ovary or fruit 4. angiosperm: a flowering plant that produces seeds within a fruit Holt Science and Technology 110 Introduction to Plants