BOTANY PROPOSED CURRICULA SEMESTER SYSTEM M. Sc Course in Botany Syllabus, Kumaun University, Nainital. Semester System with effect from July 2011 onwards Semester System Course Structure Total four Semesters. Total Marks 2000 (100 Marks of theory and 40 marks of practicals in each paper. As per the recommendations of the committee on Semester norms in P.G. Courses of Kumaun University, each theory paper will be of 100 marks, out of which 75 marks will be allotted to written examination and 25 marks are earmarked for internal assessment. Internal assessment will consist of internal written test of 15 marks and attendance, field work etc. of 10 marks. Grading system will be applied in the dissertation/project work. Each paper shall consist of objective, short answers and long answers type questions. There will be three sections- A, B, and C in each paper. Division of marks for the three sections shall be 20%, 40% and 60%, respectively. Question paper shall be framed from the whole syllabus proportionately. Project work will be evaluated out of 200 marks. The marks obtained in the dissertation will be graded as A, B and C and will not be added in the aggregate marks. The gradation of marks obtained as follows More than 60% A grade. Between 48% and 59.9% B grade. Below 48% C grade. Dissertation will be allotted in semester III, and will continue and completed in semester IV th. The project work will be guided/supervised continuously by the staff teacher. The evaluation of dissertation will be done as follows: 1.Internal assessment Oral presentation/seminar. 2.Evaluation of thesis by external examiner 3.Viva-voce by external examiner Semester-wise distribution of papers with marks is as given below.
Ist Semester (Max. Marks: 570) Theory Papers (Max. marks:400) Marks Paper I: Microbiology (Bacteria, Viruses and 100 Lichens) Paper II: Phycology 100 Paper III: Mycology 100 Paper IV: Bryology and Pteridology 100 Practical 170 Total 570
Ist Semester Paper I: Microbiology (Bacteria, Viruses and Lichens) General account of Microorganisms: History of microbiology, Golden era of microbiology, characteristic features of bacteria and actinomycetes, classification of microorganisms-five kingdom classification, Ainsworth classification. Culture Study of Microorganisms: Methods of isolation of microorganisms; measurement of microbial growth (in batch culture, fed batch culture and continuous culture); microbial genetic- transformation, conjugation and transduction. Morphology and structure of Bacterial cells: Morphology of Bacterial cells based on size, shape and arrangement, fine structure of bacterial cells (of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive Bacteria)- capsule cell wall, cell appendages (flagella, fimbrae and pilli), structure of plasma membrane, cytoplasmic inclusions- mesosomes, chlorosome. Morphology and structure of viruses: History, morphology, fine structure, shape and classification of viruses. Mycophases and Prions, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV),T 4 Bacteriophase and HIV- their fine sturucture, genome organization and multiplication, bacteriophase therapy. Role of microorganism: Root nodules, nif gene organization, role of microorganisms in soil (decomposition and nutrient cycling), water and air; role in industry- production of antibiotics, biofertilizers and biopesticides. Suggested ridings: 1. Madigan, M.T., J.M. Martink and J. Parker(1997). Brock Biology of Microorganism. Printice hall International, Inc, New, Jersay. 2. Prescott (2000). Microbiology. 3. Cruezer, W. and A. Cruezer (1990). A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology. 4. Alexander, M. (1977). Soil Microbiology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 5. Dubey, R.C. and D.K. Maheshwari (2010). A Textbook of Microbiology. S. Chand and Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. Paper II : Phycology Ist Semester History of Algae: Algology in India, Place of algae among the organisms; fossil algae. Classification of Algae:Criteria of classification, important systems of classification; evolution of thallus and parallelism in algae, cell structure and life history.
Ecology of Algae: Diversified habitats of algae, eutrophication, water blooms and phytoplanktons. Basic concept of Cynophages. Economic Importance of Algae: Algae as food, fodder, in agriculture, in industry, in nitrogen fixation, etc. life history; modes of perennation, affinities and phylogeny in algae. A detailed study of following orders with emphasis on given genera: Cyanophyta: Chroococcales (Chroococcus, Microcystis); Oscillatoriales (Oscillatoria, Lyngbya,); Nostocales (Anabaena, Spirullina), Scytonematales (Scytonema); Rivulariales (Rivularia, Gloeotrichia). Chlorophyta:Chlamydomonadales (Haematococcus); Volvocales (Gonium, Pandorina,Volvox, Eudorina); Chlorococcales (Chlorella, Hydrodictyon, Pediastrum); Oedogoniales (OedogRonium, Bulbochaete Scendesmus); Ulvales (Ulva, Enteromorpha); Cladophorales (Cladophora, Pithophora, Rhizoclonium); Chaetophorales (Chaetophora). Charophyta : Charales (Chara, Nitella). Xanthophyta: Heterosiphonales (Botrydium, Vaucheria) Bacillariophyta: Pennales and Centrales (Pinnate diatoms and Centric diatoms) Phaeophyta: Ectocarpales (Ectocarpus); Dictyotales (Dictyota, Padina); Laminariales( Laminaria, Macrocystis); Fucales (Fucus). Rhodophyta:Nemalionales (Nemalion, Batrachospermum); Gigartinales (Gracilaria); Gelidiales (Gelidium); Ceramiales (Polysiphonia, Ceramium). Suggested Readings: 1. Fritsch, F.E. 1979. The structure and Reproduction of Algae Vol. I & II. Bishan singh, Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. 2. Kumar, H.D. 1988. Introductory Phycology: Affiliated East-West Press Ltd. N. Delhi. 3. Morris, I. 1986. An introduction ofalgae. Cambridge University Press U.K. 4. Prescott, G.W. 1984. Algae: A review, Bishan Singh, Mahendra Pal Singh. Dehradun. 5. Fritsch, F.E. 1977. Structure and Reproduction of Algae. Vol. I & II. Vikash Publishing House Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi. 6. Trainer, F.R. 1978. Introductory Phycology. John. Wiley and Sons. Inc. 7. Round, F.E. 1984. Ecology of Algae. Academic. Press. London. 8. Tilden, J.F. 1968. The Algae And their Life Relations. Hafner Publishing Co. New York. 9. H.C. Bold and M.J. Wynne. 1978. Introduction to the Algae. Prentice Hall of India. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 10. Smith, G.M. 1957. Manual of Phycology. The Ronald Press Company. New York. 11. Venkataraman, G.S., S.K. Goyal, B.D. Kaushik and P.Roy. Choudhary. 1974. Algae. Form and Function. Today and Tomorrow. Print. And Publication. New Delhi. 12. Round, F.E. 1965. The Biology of the Algae, Edward Arnold. Ltd. London. 13. Desikachary, T.V.1984. Cynophyta. ICAR, New Delhi. 14. Fogg, F. Blue Green Algae. Bishan Singh, Mahendrapal Singh, Dehradun.
Ist Semester Paper III: Mycology General characteristics of fungi. Substrate relationship; cell wall composition and nutrition (saprobic, symbiotic, biotrophic). Reproduction (vegetative, asexual and sexual). Heterothallism; heterokaryosis parasexuality. Recent trends in classification. Phylogeny of fungi. Economic importance of Fungi. General account of the following classes of fungi with emphasis on the given genera: Myxomycotina: Stemonitis, Physarum. Mastigomycotina: Synchytrium, Allomyces, Monoblepharis, Plasmodiophora Spongospora. Oomycotina: Saprolegnia, Achyla, Pythium, Phytophthora, Albugo, Pronospora, Sclevospora, Bremia, Plasmopara. Zygomycotina: Mucor, Rhizopus, Pilobolus, Entomophthora, Mortierella, Syncephalastum, Choaenephora. Ascomycotina: Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Taphrina, Erysiphe, Uncinula, Phyllactinia, Peziza, Xylaria, Morchella, Cordioceps, Mycrophora, Chaetomium, Neurospora, Claviceps, Basidiomycotina: Puccinia, Ustilago, Agaricus, Amanita, Polyporus, Lycoperdon, Geastrum, Auricularia, Ganoderma, Fomes, Tiletia, Phramedium, Uromyces, Cyathus. Deuteromycotina: Fusarium, Alternaria, Cercospora, Pyricularia, Colletotrichum, Phoma, Septoria, Trichoderma, Helminthosporium, Curvularia, Cladosporium. Suggested Readings: 1. Mehrotra, R.S. and K.R. Aneja. 1999. An introduction to Mycology. 2. Alexopoulas and Mims. 1979. Introductory Mycology. 3. Webster, I. 1979. Introductory Mycology. 4. Ainworth, G.C. 1976. Introduction to the history of Mycology. 5. Webster, J. 1985. Introduction to Fungi.
Ist Semester Paper IV: Bryology and Pteridology Bryology Origin, relationship and evolutionary trends in bryophytes, fossil, bryology in India. General idea about the morphological, cytological and ecological characteristics of bryophytes. Economic importance of bryophytes, bryophytes as monitors of mineral deposition, Air pollution indicators. Modern systems of classification of bryophytes and salient features of the following groups with emphasis on the given genera: Hepaticeae: Sphaerocarples- Sphaerocarpus Marchantiales- Marchantia, Lunularia, Dumortiera, Plagiochasma, Asterella, Cryptomitrium, Targionia, Conocephalum, Reboulia, Cyathodium. Jungermanniales-Frullania, Porella, Radula. Metzgeriales-Pellia, Sewardiella, Metzgeria, Riccardia. Calobryales- Haplomitrium, Calobryum. Anthocerotae: Anthocerotales- Anthoceros, Notothylas, Foliocerus, Megacerus, Phaeocerus. Sphagnales- Sphagnum. Eubryales- Funaria,Buxbaumia,Polytrichum. Andreales- Andreaea. Takakiales- Takakia Pteridology A brief account of origin of pteridophytes, classification of pteridophytes, heterospory and seed habit, evolution of eteler system, telome theory, evolution of sorus, apogamy, apospory and apomixis. A brief account of the following classes with emphasis on the given genera: Psilophytopsida- Rhynia, Horneophyton Psilotopsida- Psilotum Lycopsida- Lycopodium, Lepidodendron, Lepidocarpon, Selaginella, Isoetes. Sphenopsida- Hyenia, Sphenophyllum, Calamites, Equisetum. Pteropsida: Eusporangiate (Ophioglossales and Marattiales) with special reference to phylogeny of Ophioglossales.
Protoleptosporongiate (Osmunda, Leptopteris) Leptosporngiate: (a) Filicales (Hymenophyllum, Adiantum, Pteris, Dryopteris) (b) Marsileales (Marsilea) (c)salvineales (Salvinia, Azolla). Suggested Readings: 1. Kashyap, S.R. 1968. Liverworts of the Western Himalayas and Punjab Plain. The Chronica Botanic. Delhi. 2. Watson, 1975. Bryophytes. Hutchinson Library, Series, London. 3. Puri, P. 1980. bryophytes, Alma Ram & Sons, Delhi. 4. Parihar, N.S. 1991. Bryophyta. Central Book Depot. Allahabad. 5. Smith, G.M. 1971.Cryphogamic Botany Vol I. 6. Beddom, R.H. 1966. The ferns of British India 2 Vol. Oxford and IBH, N. Delhi. 7. Eams, A.J. 1969 Morphology of Lower Vascular Plants. 8. Parihar, N.S. 1996. Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes. Central Book Depot. Allahabad. 9. Sporne, K.R. 1991. The morphology of Pteridophyes. Hutchinson Liberary Series, London. 10. Baker, J.G. 1995. Handbook of Fern Allies. Reprint. Bishan Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; Dehradun