The Investigation on the 160-min Solar Oscillation: A historical perspective Pere L. Pallé, Teodoro Roca Cortés Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)
Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 2
MOTIVATION Timely and well deserved reminder in this historical meeting... A main trigger of Solar Seismology research... Induced many varied and strong synergies.. I was part (small) of this adventure.. Tribute to many pioneer researches.. Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 3
Nature, vol. 259, January 1976 Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 4
The observational facts... BIR SKT Pic du Midi. 2 out of 12days. October 1974 Suns-as-a star spectrophotometer KI 7699 Å Crimea AO. Aug-Oct 1974 & Mar 1975. 122 h over 21days Sun Center-Rim areas. Modified spectrograph Fe 5124 Å SWF Best fit: P=159.0 ± 2.0 min A=2.7±0.2 m/s Amp (max) at 10 h 34 m Superposed epoch analysis Best fit: P=160.0 ± 0.5 min A=2.0 m/s Amp (max) at 10 h 26 m Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 5
Tentative interpretations... BIR B-1) Gravest radial mode of oscillation of the Sun B-2) High-order non-radial gravity modes From theory of classical pulsator stars: SKT S-1) Some as B-1) and nuclear reactions (p,p) not responsible for the energy generation. Lower neutrino flux S-2) gravity quadrupole mode (l=2, n=11). Gough private communication to SKT * Homogeneous Sun: o = 2.65 h. OK...lower neutrino flux OK BUT: Lower Solar Luminosity (10 4 ) * Standard Solar Models: 1 < o < 4 h * Latest models (Cox 1974): o 1h. JC-DG Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 6
And the fever began... Toth (Nature 1977): Earth magnetosphere sensitive measuring prove in the solar wind: senses ever perturbation of solar origin... In special days 160-minute variations were also there BIR-T (MNRAS 1978): New data from Tenerife (moved inst. from Pic du Midi) No evidence of the 160-min. Amplitude down to 30 cm/s. It is not a steady state feature SKT (MNRAS 1978). 3 years of data. Persistent amplitude and phase. Phase variation cancelled if P 0 =160.004m and NOT 160.0 m. 9 th daily harmonic = 2.66666 h = 160.0 m ƒ =104.16666 µhz Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 7
In memoriam... Prof. G.R. Isaak (Phys. Bull. 1978) It is food for a though Sun is likely to be a resonator which is ringing.. [In the spirit of the nursery rhyme, Twinkle, twinkle little star. How I wonder what you are.., will it turn out that the slow twinkles, truly music of the stellar spheres, will eventually give us very detailed information about stellar interiors?] Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 8
A new data set... Stanford Sola Observatory. Similar measurements (instrument) than CrAO. Scherrer, Wilcox & SKT (Nature, 1979) Support 1976 SKT results Amplitudes down to 1 m/s Scherrer, Wilcox & SKT (ApJ, 1980) Combined data analysis from SSO-CrAO 1976-1979 Agreement in phase and amplitude Period differs from 1/9 of the day in 6x10-5, so indeed observing solar-oscillations Phase change 30 min/year, so P 0 = 160.01 m Varies from year to year.. Even can disappear (other motions in thesolar surface masking oscillations). Mean amplitudes: 22 cm/s (SSO) and 54 cm/s (CrAO) No sense to compare individual runs BUT only average makes sense First time to write explicitly solar seismology Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 9
Severny (A&A, 1980) Scherrer & Wilcox (Sol. Phys. 1983) 5 years combined data SSO-CrAO P 0 = 160.0095 ± 0.001 m. Peak width 1/T, so Q 6 years Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 10
Losing momentum...? 1983-84:First claims of the detection of solar Losing interest on the 160-min..???? NOT at all beacause... GEMINGA &!!! Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 11
Nature, Oct. 1983 SoHO selected!!!! Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 12
Nature March 1984 Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 13
Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 14
Back to solar gravity modes.. Kotov (1985, Sol.Phys.) 160-min commensurability over the solar system: spin rates of planets and orbital periods of close binary stars, integer multiple of 160-min. Kosovichev & Severny (1986, Sov. Astron. Lett.) Suggested an l=3 g-mode but also rotational component of an l=1. List of possible explanations... (up to 14 different) Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 15
Aarhus Meeting (1989) Henning & Scherrer: SSO data 1977-1986. Phase stability no longer present. Pallé et al: Mark-I Tenerife 1980-1985. Phase changes compatible with 160-min being a daily harmonic but misinterpreted at that time. Yearly amplitudes ranging from 5 to 25 cm/s Tenerife & Bham Group (Elsworth et al, 1989, ApJ) The 160-min signal is INDEED 160-min: the 9 th HARMONIC OF A DAY Signal may be simulated by a slightly distorted diurnal sine wave.. such as that occasioned by differential atmospheric extinction. Amplitudes of daily harmonics correlated with quality of the observing season Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 16
But not yet the end... Kotov & Scherrer (GONG 1992 Meeting): SSO & CrAO data 1977-1991 P 0 power transferred to P 1 (159.967 ± 0.001 m) during last decade with amplitude 17 cm/s P 1 is the P 0 1-year side-lobe (32 nhz) Kotov et al. Sol.Phys. 1997 (including Hoeksema). SSO & CrAO data 1974-1995. Duty Cycle 7% P 0 (first 9-years)= 160.0099 (+/-) 0.0016 m and P 1 (next 13-years)=159.9654 (+/-) 0.0007 m No longer phase stability Difficult to explained in terms of solar g-modes Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 17
The end...??? Pallé & GOLF-Team. (SoHO6/GONG98). 1998 First 2-year of uninterrupted GOLF-SoHO data were analysed P 0 & P 1 expected to be seen with a S/N of 10!! No evidences for any excess of power around 160-min. Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 18
Conclusions.. The 160-m research greatly contributed to progress and consolidation of Helioseismology In less than 15 years produced more than 25 publications in the highest impact journals.. (9 Nature, ApJ, MNRAS,...) Involved many of the pioneer researches... Have we learned something from this experience? Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 19
Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 20
Kotov 2007 (BCrAO) Nucleus of Seyfert galaxy NGC4151. 1968-2005 observations. PG= 160.0108 m Coherent cosmic oscillation independent of the redshift z. Related to quantum nonlocality of photons Kotov 2008. (BCrAO) Sun results on 160 min, 1974-2007 Po and P1 separated by the Jovian synodic period (399 d.) Kotov 2010 (BCrAO) A second Sun that obeys the laws of quantum mechanics Quantum model of the Sun-2 explains many properties of the classical Sun-1; coronal heating, periodic variation of the GMF (General Magnetic Field) and its sector structure Kotov 2011 (BCrAO) extragalactic objects pulsate with Po= 9600.606 ±12 s. QUASAR RHYTHM of the cosmos absolute time. Related to fundamental constants of physics and cosmology. Refutes Big Bang and confirms Steady State, c-free model of the Universe Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 21
Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 22
Pere L. Pallé 50 years of Seismology of the Sun & Stars. Tucson, 7-10 May2013 23