Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Invasive Plant Science and Management : 78-95. Alpinia zerumbet (shellplant) Question number Question Answer Score. Is the species highly domesticated? n.2 Has the species become naturalised where grown?.3 Does the species have weedy races? 2. Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (-low; - 2 intermediate; 2-high) 2.2 Quality of climate match data (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) 2 2.3 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) 2.4 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation 2.5 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions y outside its natural range? 3. Naturalized beyond native range y 3.2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y 3.3 Weed of agriculture n 3.4 Environmental weed n 3.5 Congeneric weed n 4. Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 4.2 Allelopathic y 4.3 Parasitic n 4.4 Unpalatable to grazing animals 4.5 Toxic to animals n 4.6 Host for recognised pests and pathogens n 4.7 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 4.8 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 4.9 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y 4. Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively n draining soils) 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n 4.2 Forms dense thickets n
5. Aquatic n 5.2 Grass n 5.3 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 5.4 Geophyte 6. Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.2 Produces viable seed y 6.3 Hybridizes naturally 6.4 Self-compatible or apomictic 6.5 Requires specialist pollinators n 6.6 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y 6.7 Minimum generative time (years) 7. Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.2 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.3 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n 7.4 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n 7.5 Propagules water dispersed n 7.6 Propagules bird dispersed 7.7 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n 7.8 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) - - - - 8. Prolific seed production 8.2 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) 8.3 Well controlled by herbicides 8.4 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation 8.5 Effective natural enemies present in Florida, or east of the continental divide Total Score 5 Outcome Accept* *Used secondary screen from: Daehler, C. C., J.L. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H. Kuo. 24. A risk assessment system for screening out harmful invasive pest plants from Hawaii s and other Pacific islands. Conserv. Biol. 8: 36-368. 2
section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 6 yes B yes C yes total 28 yes Data collected 26-27 Question number Reference Source data. cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced weediness.2.3 2. 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5. van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) 2. Gilman (999) Alpinia zerumbet. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, FPS- 35 (http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/alpzera.pdf). 3. Horticopia 4.. van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) 3.. Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a Complete Guide to Declared Weeds and Invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 2. 2. Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.. Alpinia usually prefers temperatures around 27-3 C during daytime and 7-8 C at night. A. zerumbet "considered native to north-eastern India, Burma (Myanmar), Indo-China, China and Japan. Cultivated throughout South-East Asia and in many other tropical and subtropical countries". 2. USDA hardiness zones 9B through. 3. Hardiness zones 7B to A. "Considered native to northeastern India, Burma (Myanmar), Indo-China, China and Japan. Cultivated throughout South-East Asia and in many other tropical and subtropical countries.". Naturalized in South Africa - considered a "potential transformer". BUT 2. In Hawaii, only an occasional escape from cultivation. 3.2 Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a Considered a "potential 3
Complete Guide to Declared Weeds and Invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 2. transformer" in South Africa - invades watercourses, forest margins, roadsides, and urban open space". 3.3 no evidence 3.4 no evidence 3.5 no evidence 4. van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) no description of these traits 4.2 Fujita, Nishimura, Kaburagi, and Mizutani (994) Plant growth inhibiting α-pyrones from Alpinia speciosa. Phytochemistry 36: 23-27. 4.3 van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) A plant growth inhibitor isolated from leaves of Alpinia speciosa [synonym] "caused a 35% reduction in hypocotyl length of lettuce seedling compared to the control at 25 ppm, etiolation at ppm and necrosis at 2 ppm". no description of this 4.4 4.5 no evidence 4.6 Gilman (999) Alpinia zerumbet. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, FPS-35 No serious pests or (http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/alpzera.pdf). diseases. 4.7 van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) "In Ambon the leaves are used as perfumed wrappers for cooked rice. The pith of the young stem was commonly eaten in parts of Malaysia." [and no evidence of toxicity] 4.8 no evidence 4.9. van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2). "Alpinia requires cool, shaded conditions...a. 2. Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape zerumbet occurs naturally in Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of open, shaded forest." BUT Florida. 2. full sun or partial shade 4.. van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) 2. Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida. 4. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 7874-449 USA.. "They [genus Alpinia] require rich soils." 2. fertile soil growth habit: forb/herb 4.2 no evidence 4
5. terrestrial 5.2 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 7874-449 USA. Zingiberaceae 5.3 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Version Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 7874-449 USA. herbaceous Zingiberaceae 5.4 6. 6.2 Whistler (2) Tropical Ornamentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Portland. 6.3 6.4 6.5 van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) 6.6 van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) 6.7 7. 7.2 van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, eds. (2) Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida. 7.8 8. Whistler (2) Tropical Ornamentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Portland. 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 "Propagate by rhizome division or seeds." "Alpinia is pollinated by insects, often bees." "Alpinia is propagated by division of rhizomes" "Many species of Alpinia, including A. zerumbet, are cultivated as garden plants and as potplants for their attractive, often variegated leaves and striking inflorescences." 7.3 no evidence 7.4 Dehgan, B. (998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida. fruit is a globose capsule, to.75 in. in diameter 7.5 no evidence 7.6 7.7 fruit is a globose capsule, to.75 in. in diameter [no evidence of any means of attachment] fruit a "many-seeded capsule" 5