BIOL/ESRM 331/SEFS 590B Landscape Plant Recognition Sarah Reichard Michael Bradshaw Colleen Brennan Emma Relei

BIOL/ESRM 331/SEFS 590B Landscape Plant Recognition Sarah Reichard Michael Bradshaw Colleen Brennan Emma Relei

Today Introduction to biological classification of vascular plants Introduction to plant morphology Introduction to nomenclature (what is in a name?) How does this class work?

Vascular Plants Xylem (water carrying stem tissues) and Phloem (nutrient and carbohydrate carrying stem tissues) plants are vascular plants Ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms are vascular plants Mosses and algae are not

Gymnosperms (Conifers) Naked Seeds Seeds borne on open surfaces (cones)

Gymnosperms (Conifers) Naked Seeds Seeds borne on open surfaces (cones) Male and female structures are separate (male/female cones)

Gymnosperms (Conifers) Naked Seeds Seeds borne on open surfaces (cones) Male and female structures are separate (male/female cones) Mostly wind pollinated

Gymnosperms Naked Seeds Seeds borne on open surfaces (cones) Male and female structures are separate (male/female cones) Mostly wind pollinated Mostly are evergreen

Angiosperms Enclosed Seeds Seeds are borne in fruits (matured flower ovaries)

Angiosperms Enclosed Seeds Seeds are borne in fruits (matured flower ovaries) Male and female structures are usually together in flowers Insect, bird, bat, wind pollinated Deciduous and evergreen leaves Monocots and Dicots

Monocotyledons ( Monocots ) One seed leaf (cotyledon)

Monocotyledons ( Monocots ) One seed leaf (cotyledon) Leaf veins parallel

Dicotyledons ( Dicots ) 2 seed leaves

Dicotyledons ( Dicots ) 2 seed leaves Leaves net veined May not be monophyletic Woody dicots are the majority of what we will learn

Plant Morphology The form and structure of plants Overall size, shape of plants Leaves size, shape, veins, margins, apex, etc. Bark color, texture Flowers - # parts, color, placement Fruit type

Overall

Simple Leaves

Compound Leaves

Even / Odd Pinnate

Palmately Compound Leaves

Compound leaves

Ternately Compound

Lobes vs. Leaves Palmately lobed Pinnately lobed

Conifer Leaves Awl-shaped leaves Scale-like leaves

Conifer Leaves Needle-like leaves Linear leaves

Stomatal Markings on Conifers

Special Leaves Stipule Stipule

Leaf Patterns Variegation differently colored parts of the leaves. Examples:

Leaf Arrangement Whorled Leaves Opposite and decussate

Sessile No petiole attaches a leaf or other plant part to a stem

Leaf Shape Ovate

Leaf Base Acute

Leaf Margins Revolute margin

Leaf Apex

Pubescent (hairs)

Glabrous Leaves or other surfaces without hairs

Other terms Node the point of attachment for a leaf Terminal/axillary arrangement of flowers on stem

Below Ground Rhizome/rhizomatous a horizontal stem, usually underground, that bears stems and leaves

Flowers Note: these are all perfect or bisexual flowers

Dioecious/Monoecious Unisexual flowers DI = two, OECIOUS = house (the plant) MON = one

Petals Apetalous Sympetalous Fused petals Free Corolla Unfused petals

Inflorescence Types Compound inflorescence Solitary Flowers catkin

Berry a fleshy fruit that develops from the ovary of a single flower. The skin of the berry is the ovary wall. Fruit types Fleshy

Fruit types Fleshy Berry Pome a fruit that consists of a fleshy receptical and a tough central core containing the seeds

Fruit Types Fleshy Drupes Aggregate of Drupelets

Fruit Types Dry and Dehiscent Capsule splits open to release seeds Legume a pod that splits into 2 valves with the seeds attached to 1 Follicle 2 or more seeds, splits along one side

Fruit Types Dry and indehiscent Achene

Plant Classification and Names Originally long strings of descriptive words Little sense of relationships May 1, 1753 Species Plantarum published Established binomial system of naming Carolus Linneaus (Carl von Linne)

Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae

Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta

Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida

Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales

Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae

Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Solanum

Levels of Plant Classification Kingdom: Plantae Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Solanum Species: tuberosum

Species So Solanum tuberosum L.

Family: What are they? -A broad group of plants with common characteristics, one or more genera -Ends in aceae pronounced as if spelling the word ace -Seven conserved families use ae ending as an alternative (Asteraceae vs. Compositae)

What Are They? Genus: Defined as a more or less closely related and definable group of organisms (plants) comprising one or more species Plural is genera The species have more characteristics in common with each other than they do with species of other genera in the same family A genus may contain a single species (e.g., Ginkgo) or more than 100 (e.g., Rosa)

Species What Are They? A concept. Sometimes defined as a group of individual organisms (plants) that are fundamentally alike A species should be separated by distinct morphological differences from other closely related species All the individuals in a given species are not identical. Think of it as a population in which any character might be expressed to different degrees in each individual.

Levels of Plant Classification There may also be: Subspecies: subsp. or ssp. glauca Variety: var. glauca Forma: f. glauca

Principles of Nomenclature "Infraspecific names" are formed by adding Latin(ized) words to the species names Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. glauca (or ssp. glauca) Quercus garryana var. breweri

Principles of Nomenclature Cultivated varieties = cultivar They are genotypes selected for desirable traits Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Glauca (best) Or C. lawsoniana cv Glauca After 1959, cv names could no longer be Latinized must use fancy names, e.g., Genista pilosa Vancouver Gold

Hybrids A cross between two species, genera, or infraspecific categories may occur in the wild or intentionally Hybrids may be written as : Populus tremuloides XP. alba Platanus Xacerifolia XFatshedera lizei

Common Names Often descriptive, but potentially very misleading - 25 taxa with cedar - regional differences mile a minute plant Learning scientific names is fun, not all that hard, and allows specific communication

What does it mean? Philadelphus lewisii named after Merriwether Lewis

What does it mean? Philadelphus lewisii named after Merriwether Lewis Picea sitchensis first described from a specimen from Sitka, Alaska

What does it mean? Philadelphus lewisii named after Merriwether Lewis Picea sitchensis first described from a specimen from Sitka, Alaska Pinus albicaulis albi = white, caul = stem Acer macrophyllum macro = big, phyllum = leaf CLAS 205 Bioscientific Vocabulary

Principles of Nomenclature Scientific names are Latin or Latinized Scientific names are binomial - - genus and species After the first reference to a genus, it can be abbreviated to a letter: P. menziesii

Principles of Nomenclature Genus and species should be underlined or italicized Family and Genus are capitalized, species is not "Author names" may be included: Solanum tuberosum L.

Summary Plant diversity is separated on the basis of: - evolutionary relationships - morphology The naming of plants follows certain rules, based on the work of Linnaeus

Class Mechanics 2 days inside in Gould 322, 2 tests & 1 Big Review inside at CUH, the rest outside We meet every class time, rain or shine dress accordingly! Use the web page! Plant lists and info will be posted before each class Additional books may be helpful

Class Mechanics Tests 1 written midterm next Tuesday!!!! 2 plant identification midterms (each 10%) Make-up midterms very difficult Quizzes every two weeks (total 10%) Lowest one dropped Final, on campus (60%) Spelling counts!

Class Mechanics Tips for learning Flashcards/powerpoint shows Learn what the scientific names mean Use the Washington Park Arboretum to review with friends, new app on website Use the class web page and the links Hyde Herbarium

Class Mechanics Hyde Herbarium visit! Do not take plant parts to make your own herbarium! Special collection available to you Class website has link

Assignment On campus, in a park, in your own backyard go outside and look at plants Try to identify the parts of the leaf and see what term best fits the shape, leaf arrangement, margin, etc. Come on Thursday prepared for your first field day